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Abstract
This study aims to investigate the implementation of Work from Home (WFH) systems and the role of organizational culture in shaping employee performance within modern organizational environments. Triggered by the widespread transition to remote work in response to global disruptions, this research adopts a qualitative approach based on an integrative literature review, synthesizing insights from 42 peer-reviewed articles and institutional reports published between 2019 and 2025. The methodological framework involves thematic content analysis of selected scholarly works, focusing on key variables such as digital readiness, cultural typology, leadership behavior, and employee experience under WFH conditions. Findings reveal that the effectiveness of WFH systems is not determined solely by technological deployment but is significantly influenced by organizational culture and leadership practices. Specifically, trust-based, inclusive, and flexible cultures are positively associated with higher employee engagement and productivity. Furthermore, the study identifies that employee performance is shaped by a balance between autonomy, role clarity, and digital social connectivity. The research also underscores the importance of sustainability in remote work ecosystems, advocating for policies that support well-being, environmental responsibility, and long-term strategic integration. These insights provide theoretical contributions to organizational behavior and remote work literature, while offering practical guidance for leaders seeking to design resilient, human-centered digital work systems. The study recommends future interdisciplinary research to explore the evolving dynamics of hybrid work, performance measurement, and organizational adaptation in a post-pandemic world.
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References
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- Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. (2011). Diagnosing and changing organizational culture (3rd ed.). Jossey-Bass.
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- Mehta, S., Saxena, T., & Purohit, H. (2021). The new normal: Remote work during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 10(4), 453–457.
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- Oakman, J., Kinsman, N., Stuckey, R., Graham, M., & Weale, V. (2020). Working from home during COVID-19: Impacts on health and productivity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), Article 6275. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176275
- Richter, A. (2021). Locked-down digital work: Performance challenges. International Journal of Information Management, 55, Article 102157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102157
- Torraco, R. J. (2016). Writing integrative literature reviews: Guidelines and examples. Human Resource Development Review, 15(4), 404–428. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484316671606
- Waizenegger, L., McKenna, B., Cai, W., & Bendz, T. (2020). An affordance perspective of team collaboration and enforced working from home during COVID-19. European Journal of Information Systems, 29(4), 429–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2020.1814683
- Wang, B., Liu, Y., Qian, J., & Parker, S. K. (2021). Achieving effective remote working: A work design perspective. Applied Psychology, 70(1), 16–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12290
- Yen, L., & Mahmud, M. (2022). Remote work challenges in Southeast Asia. Asian Journal of Business and Governance, 12(2), 44–63.
- Yuan, H., & Hou, T. (2023). Circular economy strategies for ICT equipment: The home office as e-waste generator. Sustainable Technology and Entrepreneurship, 4(1), Article 100039.
References
Allen, T. D., Golden, T. D., & Shockley, K. M. (2021). How effective is telecommuting? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 22(1), 40–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/15291006211055532
Bloom, N., Han, R., & Liang, J. (2024). Hybrid working from home improves retention without damaging performance. Nature, 630, 920–925. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07500-2
Bloom, N., Liang, J., Roberts, J., & Ying, Z. J. (2015). Does working from home work? Evidence from a Chinese experiment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 130(1), 165–218. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qju032
Bouncken, R. B., Kraus, S., & Roig-Tierno, N. (2021). Knowledge- and innovation-based business models for future growth: Digital transformation and the humanization of work. Journal of Business Research, 132, 383–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.03.070
Caligiuri, P., De Cieri, H., Minbaeva, D., Verbeke, A., & Zimmermann, A. (2020). International HRM insights for navigating COVID-19. Journal of International Business Studies, 51(5), 697–713. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-020-00335-9
Cameron, K. S., & Quinn, R. E. (2011). Diagnosing and changing organizational culture (3rd ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Choudhury, P., Foroughi, C., & Larson, B. Z. (2021). Work from anywhere: The productivity effects of geographic flexibility. Strategic Management Journal, 42(4), 655–683. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.3251
Contreras, F., Baykal, E., & Abid, G. (2020). E-leadership and teleworking in times of COVID-19 and beyond: What we know and where do we go. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, Article 590271. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.590271
Eagle Hill Consulting. (2024). State of organizational culture report.
Galanti, T., Guidetti, G., Mazzei, E., Zappalà, S., & Toscano, F. (2021). Work from home during the COVID-19 outbreak: The impact on employees' remote work productivity, engagement, and stress. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 63(7), e426–e432. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000002236
International Energy Agency. (2023). Remote work and climate change: New frontiers in energy policy.
Ipsen, C., van Veldhoven, M., Kirchner, K., & Hansen, J. P. (2021). Six key advantages and disadvantages of working from home in Europe during COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), Article 1826. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041826
Kniffin, K. M., Narayanan, J., Anseel, F., et al. (2021). COVID-19 and the workplace: Implications, issues, and insights for future research and action. American Psychologist, 76(1), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000716
Mehta, S., Saxena, T., & Purohit, H. (2021). The new normal: Remote work during the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, 10(4), 453–457.
Microsoft. (2021). Work trend index: Hybrid work is just work.
Oakman, J., Kinsman, N., Stuckey, R., Graham, M., & Weale, V. (2020). Working from home during COVID-19: Impacts on health and productivity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), Article 6275. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17176275
Richter, A. (2021). Locked-down digital work: Performance challenges. International Journal of Information Management, 55, Article 102157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102157
Torraco, R. J. (2016). Writing integrative literature reviews: Guidelines and examples. Human Resource Development Review, 15(4), 404–428. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484316671606
Waizenegger, L., McKenna, B., Cai, W., & Bendz, T. (2020). An affordance perspective of team collaboration and enforced working from home during COVID-19. European Journal of Information Systems, 29(4), 429–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2020.1814683
Wang, B., Liu, Y., Qian, J., & Parker, S. K. (2021). Achieving effective remote working: A work design perspective. Applied Psychology, 70(1), 16–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12290
Yen, L., & Mahmud, M. (2022). Remote work challenges in Southeast Asia. Asian Journal of Business and Governance, 12(2), 44–63.
Yuan, H., & Hou, T. (2023). Circular economy strategies for ICT equipment: The home office as e-waste generator. Sustainable Technology and Entrepreneurship, 4(1), Article 100039.