Main Article Content
Abstract
This research explores the pivotal role of leadership in fostering diversity and inclusion within organizational settings. Employing a comprehensive literature review approach, the study examines various leadership styles and behaviors, organizational practices, and interdisciplinary approaches relevant to diversity and inclusion initiatives. Transformational and inclusive leadership styles emerge as key drivers of creating inclusive environments where diversity is embraced and valued. The study highlights the strategic benefits of diversity and inclusion, including enhanced creativity, innovation, and problem-solving capabilities. Organizational practices such as diversity recruitment programs and training initiatives are identified as essential mechanisms for promoting diversity and equipping employees with cross-cultural competencies. Furthermore, the research underscores the challenges organizations face in addressing unconscious bias and perpetuating inequalities within workplaces. Moving forward, the study calls for longitudinal studies, comparative analyses, and interdisciplinary research to deepen our understanding of diversity and inclusion dynamics and inform evidence-based practices. This research contributes to advancing knowledge and informing managerial practices for fostering diversity and inclusion in organizational settings.
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References
- Agerström, J., & Rooth, D.-O. (2011). The role of automatic obesity stereotypes in real hiring discrimination. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(4), 790.
- Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M., & Jung, D. I. (1999). Re‐examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72(4), 441–462. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317999166789
- Avolio, B. J., & Gardner, W. L. (2005). Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(3), 315–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.001
- Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1993). Transformational leadership and organizational culture. Public Administration Quarterly, 112–121. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01900699408524907
- Boekhorst, J. A. (2015). The Role of Authentic Leadership in Fostering Workplace Inclusion: A S ocial Information Processing Perspective. Human Resource Management, 54(2), 241–264. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21669
- Byrd, M. Y., & Scott, C. L. (2014). Re-emergence of racial harassment and racial hate symbols in the workforce BT - Diversity in the Workforce (pp. 311–327). Routledge.
- Coplan, R. J., Ooi, L. L., & Baldwin, D. (2019). Does it matter when we want to be alone? Exploring developmental timing effects in the implications of unsociability. New Ideas in Psychology, 53, 47–57.
- Cox, T., & Beale, R. L. (1997). Developing Competency to Manage Diversity: Reading, Cases, and Activities. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. https://books.google.com/books?hl=id&lr=&id=5g10nG8dA1YC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=cox+and+beale+diversity&ots=iwCLoJ_wRp&sig=r0uStA73W6L8GpVgaVjv9GzDHvw
- Cox, T. H., & Blake, S. (1991). Managing cultural diversity: implications for organizational competitiveness. Academy of Management Perspectives, 5(3), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.1991.4274465
- Devine, P. G., Forscher, P. S., Austin, A. J., & Cox, W. T. L. (2012). Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: A prejudice habit-breaking intervention. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(6), 1267–1278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.06.003
- Dobbin, F., & Kalev, A. (2016). Why diversity programs fail. Harvard Business Review, 94(7), 14. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alexandra-Kalev/publication/360939244_Why_Diversity_Programs_Fail/links/62a075c0c660ab61f86b61ce/Why-Diversity-Programs-Fail.pdf
- Dobbin, F., & Kalev, A. (2017). Are diversity programs merely ceremonial? Evidence-free institutionalization. The Sage Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, 2, 808–828. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446280669.n32
- Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2000). Aversive racism and selection decisions: 1989 and 1999. Psychological Science, 11(4), 315–319. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00262
- Economics, D. A. (2017). Soft skills for business success. DeakinCo.
- Fagan, H. A. S., Wells, B., Guenther, S., & Matkin, G. S. (2022). THE PATH TO INCLUSION: A Literature Review of Attributes and Impacts o f Inclusive Leaders. Journal of Leadership Education, 21(1), 88–113. https://doi.org/10.12806/v21/i1/r7
- Gibson, C. B., Gilson, L. L., Griffith, T. L., & O’Neill, T. A. (2023). Should employees be required to return to the office? Organizational Dynamics, 52(2), 100981. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2023.100981
- Gotsis, G., & Grimani, K. (2016). Diversity as an aspect of effective leadership: integrating and moving forward. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 37(2), 241–264. https://doi.org/10.1108/lodj-06-2014-0107
- Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2017). The implicit revolution: Reconceiving the relation between conscious and unconscious. American Psychologist, 72(9), 861. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000238
- Grossmeier, J., Castle, P. H., Pitts, J. S., Saringer, C., Jenkins, K. R., Imboden, M. T., Mangen, D. J., Johnson, S. S., Noeldner, S. P., & Mason, S. T. (2020). Workplace well-being factors that predict employee participation, health and medical cost impact, and perceived support. American Journal of Health Promotion, 34(4), 349–358. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117119898613
- Grover, V., Jin, F., Peng, Z., & Wong, J. S. (2018). Creating strategic business value from big data analytics: A research framework. Journal of Management Information Systems, 35(2), 388–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2018.1451951
- Heilman, M. E. (2012). Gender stereotypes and workplace bias. Research in Organizational Behavior, 32, 113–135.
- Herring, C. (2009). Does diversity pay?: Race, gender, and the business case for diversity. American Sociological Review, 74(2), 208–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240907400203
- Hong, L., & Page, S. E. (2004). Groups of diverse problem solvers can outperform groups of high-ability problem solvers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(46), 16385–16389. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403723101
- Hunt, V., Layton, D., & Prince, S. (2015). Diversity matters. McKinsey & Company, 1(1), 15–29.
- Jin, M., Lee, J., & Lee, M. (2017). Does leadership matter in diversity management? Assessing the relative impact of diversity policy and inclusive leadership in the public sec tor. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 38(2), 303–319. https://doi.org/10.1108/lodj-07-2015-0151
- Konrad, A. M., Yang, Y., & Maurer, C. C. (2016). Antecedents and outcomes of diversity and equality management systems: An integrated institutional agency and strategic human resource management approach. Human Resource Management, 55(1), 83–107.
- Kossek, E. E., & Lautsch, B. A. (2018). Work–life flexibility for whom? Occupational status and work–life inequality in upper, middle, and lower level jobs. Academy of Management Annals, 12(1), 5–36. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2016.0059
- Kugelmass, J., & Ainscow, M. (2004). Leadership for inclusion: a comparison of international practices. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 4(3), 133–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-3802.2004.00028.x
- Kulik, C. T., & Roberson, L. (2008). Diversity initiative effectiveness: What organizations can (and cannot) expect from diversity recruitment, diversity training, and formal mentoring programs. Cambridge University Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2008-11853-008
- Kunze, F., Boehm, S., & Bruch, H. (2013). Organizational performance consequences of age diversity: Inspecting the role of diversity‐friendly HR policies and top managers’ negative age stereotypes. Journal of Management Studies, 50(3), 413–442. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12016
- Laila, Q. N. (2015). Pemikiran Pendidikan Moral Albert Bandura. Jurnal Program Studi PGMI.
- Massen, J. J. M., & Gallup, A. C. (2017). Why contagious yawning does not (yet) equate to empathy. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 80, 573–585.
- Milliken, F. J., & Martins, L. L. (1996). Searching for common threads: Understanding the multiple effects of diversity in organizational groups. Academy of Management Review, 21(2), 402–433. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1996.9605060217
- Nishii, L. H., & Mayer, D. M. (2009). Do inclusive leaders help to reduce turnover in diverse groups? The moderating role of leader–member exchange in the diversity to turnover relationship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(6), 1412. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017190
- Page, S. E. (2007). Making the difference: Applying a logic of diversity. Academy of Management Perspectives, 21(4), 6–20.
- Pager, D., & Shepherd, H. (2008). The sociology of discrimination: Racial discrimination in employment, housing, credit, and consumer markets. Annu. Rev. Sociol, 34, 181–209. https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV.SOC.33.040406.131740
- Paluck, E. L., & Green, D. P. (2009). Prejudice Reduction: What Works? A Review and Assessment of Research and Practice. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 339–367. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163607
- Purdie-Vaughns, V., & Eibach, R. P. (2008). Intersectional invisibility: The distinctive advantages and disadvantages of multiple subordinate-group identities. Sex Roles, 59, 377–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-008-9424-4
- Roberson, L., Kulik, C. T., & Tan, R. Y. (2012). Effective Diversity Training BT - The Oxford Handbook of Diversity and Work (p. 341). Oxford University Press.
- Roberson, Q., & Perry, J. L. (2021). Inclusive Leadership in Thought and Action: A Thematic Analysis. Group & Organization Management, 47(4), 755–778. https://doi.org/10.1177/10596011211013161
- Schein, E. H., Denison, D. R., & McNulty, E. J. (2015). Opinions: All about culture. Journal of Business Anthropology, 4(1), 106–150.
- Shore, L. M., Chung-Herrera, B. Y., Dean, M. A., & Ehrhart, M. G. (2011). Inclusion and diversity in work groups: A review and model for future research. Journal of Management, 37(4), 1262–1289. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310385943
- Soda, K. S. (2023). Leadership and Its Impact on Equity, Diversity and Inclusion: A Litera ture Review and Analysis. OALib, 10(06), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1109980
- Spreitzer, G. M., De Janasz, S. C., & Quinn, R. E. (1999). Empowered to lead: The role of psychological empowerment in leadership. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 20(4), 511–526.
- Staats, C. (2016). Understanding implicit bias: What educators should know. American Educator, 39(4), 29.
References
Agerström, J., & Rooth, D.-O. (2011). The role of automatic obesity stereotypes in real hiring discrimination. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(4), 790.
Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M., & Jung, D. I. (1999). Re‐examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 72(4), 441–462. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317999166789
Avolio, B. J., & Gardner, W. L. (2005). Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(3), 315–338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.001
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1993). Transformational leadership and organizational culture. Public Administration Quarterly, 112–121. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01900699408524907
Boekhorst, J. A. (2015). The Role of Authentic Leadership in Fostering Workplace Inclusion: A S ocial Information Processing Perspective. Human Resource Management, 54(2), 241–264. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21669
Byrd, M. Y., & Scott, C. L. (2014). Re-emergence of racial harassment and racial hate symbols in the workforce BT - Diversity in the Workforce (pp. 311–327). Routledge.
Coplan, R. J., Ooi, L. L., & Baldwin, D. (2019). Does it matter when we want to be alone? Exploring developmental timing effects in the implications of unsociability. New Ideas in Psychology, 53, 47–57.
Cox, T., & Beale, R. L. (1997). Developing Competency to Manage Diversity: Reading, Cases, and Activities. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. https://books.google.com/books?hl=id&lr=&id=5g10nG8dA1YC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=cox+and+beale+diversity&ots=iwCLoJ_wRp&sig=r0uStA73W6L8GpVgaVjv9GzDHvw
Cox, T. H., & Blake, S. (1991). Managing cultural diversity: implications for organizational competitiveness. Academy of Management Perspectives, 5(3), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.1991.4274465
Devine, P. G., Forscher, P. S., Austin, A. J., & Cox, W. T. L. (2012). Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: A prejudice habit-breaking intervention. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(6), 1267–1278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.06.003
Dobbin, F., & Kalev, A. (2016). Why diversity programs fail. Harvard Business Review, 94(7), 14. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alexandra-Kalev/publication/360939244_Why_Diversity_Programs_Fail/links/62a075c0c660ab61f86b61ce/Why-Diversity-Programs-Fail.pdf
Dobbin, F., & Kalev, A. (2017). Are diversity programs merely ceremonial? Evidence-free institutionalization. The Sage Handbook of Organizational Institutionalism, 2, 808–828. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446280669.n32
Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (2000). Aversive racism and selection decisions: 1989 and 1999. Psychological Science, 11(4), 315–319. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00262
Economics, D. A. (2017). Soft skills for business success. DeakinCo.
Fagan, H. A. S., Wells, B., Guenther, S., & Matkin, G. S. (2022). THE PATH TO INCLUSION: A Literature Review of Attributes and Impacts o f Inclusive Leaders. Journal of Leadership Education, 21(1), 88–113. https://doi.org/10.12806/v21/i1/r7
Gibson, C. B., Gilson, L. L., Griffith, T. L., & O’Neill, T. A. (2023). Should employees be required to return to the office? Organizational Dynamics, 52(2), 100981. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2023.100981
Gotsis, G., & Grimani, K. (2016). Diversity as an aspect of effective leadership: integrating and moving forward. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 37(2), 241–264. https://doi.org/10.1108/lodj-06-2014-0107
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2017). The implicit revolution: Reconceiving the relation between conscious and unconscious. American Psychologist, 72(9), 861. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000238
Grossmeier, J., Castle, P. H., Pitts, J. S., Saringer, C., Jenkins, K. R., Imboden, M. T., Mangen, D. J., Johnson, S. S., Noeldner, S. P., & Mason, S. T. (2020). Workplace well-being factors that predict employee participation, health and medical cost impact, and perceived support. American Journal of Health Promotion, 34(4), 349–358. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117119898613
Grover, V., Jin, F., Peng, Z., & Wong, J. S. (2018). Creating strategic business value from big data analytics: A research framework. Journal of Management Information Systems, 35(2), 388–423. https://doi.org/10.1080/07421222.2018.1451951
Heilman, M. E. (2012). Gender stereotypes and workplace bias. Research in Organizational Behavior, 32, 113–135.
Herring, C. (2009). Does diversity pay?: Race, gender, and the business case for diversity. American Sociological Review, 74(2), 208–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240907400203
Hong, L., & Page, S. E. (2004). Groups of diverse problem solvers can outperform groups of high-ability problem solvers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(46), 16385–16389. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403723101
Hunt, V., Layton, D., & Prince, S. (2015). Diversity matters. McKinsey & Company, 1(1), 15–29.
Jin, M., Lee, J., & Lee, M. (2017). Does leadership matter in diversity management? Assessing the relative impact of diversity policy and inclusive leadership in the public sec tor. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 38(2), 303–319. https://doi.org/10.1108/lodj-07-2015-0151
Konrad, A. M., Yang, Y., & Maurer, C. C. (2016). Antecedents and outcomes of diversity and equality management systems: An integrated institutional agency and strategic human resource management approach. Human Resource Management, 55(1), 83–107.
Kossek, E. E., & Lautsch, B. A. (2018). Work–life flexibility for whom? Occupational status and work–life inequality in upper, middle, and lower level jobs. Academy of Management Annals, 12(1), 5–36. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2016.0059
Kugelmass, J., & Ainscow, M. (2004). Leadership for inclusion: a comparison of international practices. Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, 4(3), 133–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-3802.2004.00028.x
Kulik, C. T., & Roberson, L. (2008). Diversity initiative effectiveness: What organizations can (and cannot) expect from diversity recruitment, diversity training, and formal mentoring programs. Cambridge University Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2008-11853-008
Kunze, F., Boehm, S., & Bruch, H. (2013). Organizational performance consequences of age diversity: Inspecting the role of diversity‐friendly HR policies and top managers’ negative age stereotypes. Journal of Management Studies, 50(3), 413–442. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12016
Laila, Q. N. (2015). Pemikiran Pendidikan Moral Albert Bandura. Jurnal Program Studi PGMI.
Massen, J. J. M., & Gallup, A. C. (2017). Why contagious yawning does not (yet) equate to empathy. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 80, 573–585.
Milliken, F. J., & Martins, L. L. (1996). Searching for common threads: Understanding the multiple effects of diversity in organizational groups. Academy of Management Review, 21(2), 402–433. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1996.9605060217
Nishii, L. H., & Mayer, D. M. (2009). Do inclusive leaders help to reduce turnover in diverse groups? The moderating role of leader–member exchange in the diversity to turnover relationship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(6), 1412. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017190
Page, S. E. (2007). Making the difference: Applying a logic of diversity. Academy of Management Perspectives, 21(4), 6–20.
Pager, D., & Shepherd, H. (2008). The sociology of discrimination: Racial discrimination in employment, housing, credit, and consumer markets. Annu. Rev. Sociol, 34, 181–209. https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV.SOC.33.040406.131740
Paluck, E. L., & Green, D. P. (2009). Prejudice Reduction: What Works? A Review and Assessment of Research and Practice. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 339–367. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163607
Purdie-Vaughns, V., & Eibach, R. P. (2008). Intersectional invisibility: The distinctive advantages and disadvantages of multiple subordinate-group identities. Sex Roles, 59, 377–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-008-9424-4
Roberson, L., Kulik, C. T., & Tan, R. Y. (2012). Effective Diversity Training BT - The Oxford Handbook of Diversity and Work (p. 341). Oxford University Press.
Roberson, Q., & Perry, J. L. (2021). Inclusive Leadership in Thought and Action: A Thematic Analysis. Group & Organization Management, 47(4), 755–778. https://doi.org/10.1177/10596011211013161
Schein, E. H., Denison, D. R., & McNulty, E. J. (2015). Opinions: All about culture. Journal of Business Anthropology, 4(1), 106–150.
Shore, L. M., Chung-Herrera, B. Y., Dean, M. A., & Ehrhart, M. G. (2011). Inclusion and diversity in work groups: A review and model for future research. Journal of Management, 37(4), 1262–1289. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310385943
Soda, K. S. (2023). Leadership and Its Impact on Equity, Diversity and Inclusion: A Litera ture Review and Analysis. OALib, 10(06), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1109980
Spreitzer, G. M., De Janasz, S. C., & Quinn, R. E. (1999). Empowered to lead: The role of psychological empowerment in leadership. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 20(4), 511–526.
Staats, C. (2016). Understanding implicit bias: What educators should know. American Educator, 39(4), 29.