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Abstract
Traumatic experiences often result in psychological distress that impairs individuals' emotional, social, and daily functioning. Nevertheless, not all trauma survivors experience prolonged psychological difficulties, as many demonstrate the capacity to achieve psychological recovery. Resilience has been widely recognized as an important protective factor that facilitates positive adaptation following traumatic experiences. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the role of resilience in predicting psychological recovery among trauma survivors. A quantitative, cross-sectional, correlational design was employed, involving 128 trauma survivors selected using purposive sampling. Resilience was assessed using the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale-10 (CD-RISC-10), whereas psychological recovery was measured using the Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery (QPR-15). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and simple linear regression. The findings revealed that resilience was positively and significantly associated with psychological recovery (r = .624, p < .001) and emerged as a significant predictor (β = .624, p < .001), explaining 38.9% of the variance in psychological recovery (R² = .389). These findings indicate that individuals with higher resilience are more likely to achieve better psychological recovery following traumatic experiences. The study provides empirical evidence supporting resilience as a key psychological resource in post-traumatic adaptation and highlights the importance of resilience-based interventions to facilitate psychological recovery among trauma survivors.
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References
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- Kalisch, R., Baker, D. G., Basten, U., Boks, M. P., Bonanno, G. A., Brummelman, E., Chmitorz, A., Fernàndez, G., Fiebach, C. J., Galatzer-Levy, I., Geuze, E., Groppa, S., Helmreich, I., Hendler, T., Hermans, E. J., Jovanovic, T., Kubiak, T., Lieb, K., Lutz, B., ... Kleim, B. (2017). The resilience framework as a strategy to combat stress-related disorders. Nature Human Behaviour, 1(11), 784–790. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-017-0200-8
- Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090197
- Masten, A. S. (2021). Ordinary magic: Resilience in development (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
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- van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. Viking.
References
Beaton, D. E., Bombardier, C., Guillemin, F., & Ferraz, M. B. (2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186–3191. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014
Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20
Bonanno, G. A., Chen, S., Bagrodia, R., & Galatzer-Levy, I. R. (2024). Resilience and disaster: Flexible adaptation in the face of uncertain threat. Annual Review of Psychology, 75, 573–599. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-011123-024224
Bonanno, G. A., Chen, S., & Galatzer-Levy, I. R. (2023). Resilience to potential trauma and adversity through regulatory flexibility. Nature Reviews Psychology, 2(11), 663–675. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44159-023-00233-5
Bonanno, G. A., & Diminich, E. D. (2013). Annual research review: Positive adjustment to adversity—Trajectories of minimal-impact resilience and emergent resilience. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(4), 378–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12021Bonanno, G. A., & Westphal, M. (2024). The three axioms of resilience. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 37(5), 717–723. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.23071
Bonanno, G. A., Westphal, M., & Mancini, A. D. (2011). Resilience to loss and potential trauma. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 7, 511–535. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104526
Campbell-Sills, L., & Stein, M. B. (2007). Psychometric analysis and refinement of the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC): Validation of a 10-item measure of resilience. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20(6), 1019–1028. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20271
Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2014.940781
Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and recovery. Basic Books.
Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
Kalisch, R., Baker, D. G., Basten, U., Boks, M. P., Bonanno, G. A., Brummelman, E., Chmitorz, A., Fernàndez, G., Fiebach, C. J., Galatzer-Levy, I., Geuze, E., Groppa, S., Helmreich, I., Hendler, T., Hermans, E. J., Jovanovic, T., Kubiak, T., Lieb, K., Lutz, B., ... Kleim, B. (2017). The resilience framework as a strategy to combat stress-related disorders. Nature Human Behaviour, 1(11), 784–790. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-017-0200-8
Keyes, C. L. M. (2002). The mental health continuum: From languishing to flourishing in life. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 43(2), 207–222. https://doi.org/10.2307/3090197
Masten, A. S. (2021). Ordinary magic: Resilience in development (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.
Schäfer, S. K., Kunzler, A. M., Kalisch, R., Tüscher, O., & Lieb, K. (2022). Trajectories of resilience and mental distress during major global disruptions. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 26(12), 1171–1189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2022.10.004
Slade, M., Williams, J., Bird, V., Leamy, M., & Le Boutillier, C. (2012). Recovery grows up. Journal of Mental Health, 21(2), 99–103. https://doi.org/10.3109/09638237.2012.670885
van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. Viking.