Main Article Content
Abstract
This qualitative study explores the multifaceted dynamics of fintech innovation, financial stability, and regulation. The research aims to investigate the impact of fintech innovations on financial stability, identify associated risks and challenges, and examine regulatory responses to mitigate these risks. Employing a comprehensive research methodology encompassing exploratory and descriptive approaches, the study synthesizes existing literature from academic journals, reports, and other scholarly sources. Data collection involves systematic searches of databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, supplemented by citation chaining and hand-searching techniques. Data analysis entails iterative rounds of coding, categorization, thematic analysis, and interpretation to uncover patterns, themes, and insights embedded within the literature. The research findings highlight the significant potential of fintech innovation to enhance financial inclusion, efficiency, and transparency while also identifying risks related to cybersecurity threats, data privacy concerns, and systemic vulnerabilities. Regulatory responses, including regulatory sandboxes, licensing regimes, and innovation hubs, are examined as mechanisms to foster innovation while safeguarding financial stability and consumer protection. The study contributes to advancing our understanding of the complex interactions between fintech innovation, financial stability, and regulation, providing insights to policymakers, regulators, industry stakeholders, and researchers.
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References
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- Ahlqvist, V., & Böhm, M. (2019). The promise of regulatory sandboxes. Journal of Financial Regulation, 5(2), 231–258. https://doi.org/10.1093/jfr/fjz004
- Arner, D. W., Barberis, J., & Buckley, R. P. (2017). The evolution of fintech: A new post-crisis paradigm?. University of Hong Kong Faculty of Law Research Paper, (2017/017). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2844403
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- Boone, A., & Van Oordt, M. R. (2018). The role of regulatory arbitrage in US banks' international lending fluctuations. Journal of Banking & Finance, 88, 221–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2018.01.012
- Boreiko, D., Racheva-Iotova, B., & Trifonova, A. (2021). Robo-advisors: Business models, operational processes and financial stability challenges. International Journal of Financial Studies, 9(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs9010008
- Borio, C., Disyatat, P., & Juselius, M. (2021). Rethinking financial stability. Journal of International Money and Finance, 114, 102366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2021.102366
- Böttger, T., & Hett, F. (2020). The resilience of blockchain systems: A simulation approach. Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination, 15(4), 981–1007. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11403-020-00287-8
- Brunnermeier, M. K., Gorton, G. B., & Krishnamurthy, A. (2019). Dodd-Frank: Five years on. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 33(1), 83–104. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.1.83
- Burtch, G., Carnahan, S., & Greenwood, B. N. (2018). Can you gig it? An empirical examination of the gig-economy and entrepreneurial activity. Management Science, 64(12), 5497–5520. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2939
- Campanella, C. (2020). The impact of fintech on banks' leverage. Journal of Financial Stability, 51, 100806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2020.100806
- Caruana, J., Haldane, A. G., & Narayan, P. K. (2022). Systemic risk, macroprudential policy, and financial stability: An overview. Journal of Banking & Finance, 134, 106286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2022.106286
- Catalini, C., Gans, J. S., & Gupta, A. (2020). The impact of the sharing economy on business and society. Journal of Management Studies, 57(3), 521–527. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12596
- Chen, S., Pan, W., & Liu, J. (2023). Cybersecurity risk management for fintech firms: An analysis of information-sharing incentives. Decision Support Systems, 148, 113643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2021.113643
- Chiu, J. W., Choi, J. J., & Kim, S. S. (2022). Fintech adoption and regulations: Evidence from a survey of Korean consumers. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 75, 101883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2021.101883
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- Claessens, S., Frost, J., Turner, G., & Zhu, F. (2021). The Future of Fintech and Cyber Risk. International Monetary Fund. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513574850.001
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- FCA. (2020). Regulatory sandbox. Financial Conduct Authority. https://www.fca.org.uk/firms/regulatory-sandbox
- Financial Stability Board. (2018). Fintech and market structure in financial services: Market developments and potential financial stability implications. Financial Stability Board. https://www.fsb.org/2018/06/fintech-and-market-structure-in-financial-services-market-developments-and-potential-financial-stability-implications/
- Gai, P., Haldane, A. G., & Kapadia, S. (2018). Complexity, concentration and contagion. Journal of Monetary Economics, 96, 73–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2018.02.010
- Gai, P., Haldane, A. G., & Kapadia, S. (2021). Financial stability analytics: Models, data, and challenges. Journal of Financial Stability, 52, 100836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2021.100836
- Gomber, P., Koch, J. A., & Siering, M. (2018). Digital finance and fintech: Current research and future research directions. Journal of Business Economics, 88(5), 537–580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-018-0891-3
- Gorton, G. (2021). Macrofinancial history and the new business cycle facts. Journal of Financial Stability, 54, 100901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2021.100901
- Hannah, G., Linton, O., & Zang, X. (2023). Real-time regulatory arbitrage: Machine learning on granular credit data. Journal of Banking & Finance, 134, 106290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2022.106290
- Hildebrandt, M. (2019). Smart technologies and the end(s) of law: Novel entanglements of law and technology. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788978042
- Huang, T., Lu, Q., Yang, J., & Huang, X. (2021). Exploring the security and privacy risks in the Internet of Things (IoT) from users’ perspective: Based on protection motivation theory (PMT). Future Generation Computer Systems, 121, 133–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2021.02.017
- IMF. (2022). Financial Regulatory and Supervisory Responses to FinTech: Evolution or Revolution?. International Monetary Fund. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513597774.001
- Laeven, L., & Valencia, F. (2022). Systemic banking crises revisited. Journal of Financial Stability, 58, 100936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2021.100936
- MAS. (2020). Regulatory sandbox. Monetary Authority of Singapore. https://www.mas.gov.sg/regulation/experimental-regulatory-sandbox
- Monetary Authority of Singapore. (2020). Innovation functions. Monetary Authority of Singapore. https://www.mas.gov.sg/regulation/innovation/innovation-functions
- Muganyi, N. Z. (2022). The role of financial technology on financial inclusion in China. Technology in Society, 71, 101882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101882
- Narayanan, A., Bonneau, J., Felten, E., Miller, A., & Goldfeder, S. (2016). Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies: A comprehensive introduction. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc77zj0
- Park, K. (2023). Decentralized finance (DeFi): A comprehensive review. Journal of Banking & Finance, 134, 106287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2022.106287
- Rahim, M. M. (2022). Machine learning for finance: A comprehensive review. Expert Systems with Applications, 191, 115015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2022.115015
- Sahut, J. M., El Baz, J., & El Haddad, M. (2020). The future of fintech: A bibliometric analysis. Journal of Economic Surveys, 34(5), 1120–1150. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12390
- Schueffel, P. (2016). Fintech: Shaping the future of finance. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42448-4
- Smith, M. (2019). Cybersecurity and cyberwar: What everyone needs to know. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199918119.001.0001
- Smoleńska, A. (2020). The use of artificial intelligence for anti-money laundering and terrorism financing prevention purposes—Regulatory challenges and perspectives. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 23(3), 653–674. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-11-2019-0071
- Soska, K., Kührer, M., Antunes, N., Zarras, A., & Caballero, J. (2020). Cyber threat intelligence: A systematic literature review. Computers & Security, 89, 101630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2019.101630
- Swan, M. (2021). Blockchain economics: implications of distributed ledger technology. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04792-8
- Vučinić, D. (2020). Fintech and regulatory challenges. European Research Studies Journal, 23(1), 269–281. https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/1539
References
Acharya, V. V., Engle III, R. F., & Richardson, M. (2017). Financial risk forecasting in the era of Big Data. Journal of Financial Econometrics, 15(1), 2–34. https://doi.org/10.1093/jjfinec/nbw010
Ahlqvist, V., & Böhm, M. (2019). The promise of regulatory sandboxes. Journal of Financial Regulation, 5(2), 231–258. https://doi.org/10.1093/jfr/fjz004
Arner, D. W., Barberis, J., & Buckley, R. P. (2017). The evolution of fintech: A new post-crisis paradigm?. University of Hong Kong Faculty of Law Research Paper, (2017/017). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2844403
Birn, S., Leiringer, R., & Tyssen, C. (2020). Theorizing peer-to-peer finance: A case study of the Swedish platform Trustbuddy. Organization, 27(4), 641–663. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508420914214
BIS. (2019). Fintech developments in the financial system: potentially profound implications for financial intermediation and regulatory practices. Bank for International Settlements. https://www.bis.org/publ/qtrpdf/r_qt1903.htm
Boone, A., & Van Oordt, M. R. (2018). The role of regulatory arbitrage in US banks' international lending fluctuations. Journal of Banking & Finance, 88, 221–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2018.01.012
Boreiko, D., Racheva-Iotova, B., & Trifonova, A. (2021). Robo-advisors: Business models, operational processes and financial stability challenges. International Journal of Financial Studies, 9(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijfs9010008
Borio, C., Disyatat, P., & Juselius, M. (2021). Rethinking financial stability. Journal of International Money and Finance, 114, 102366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2021.102366
Böttger, T., & Hett, F. (2020). The resilience of blockchain systems: A simulation approach. Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination, 15(4), 981–1007. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11403-020-00287-8
Brunnermeier, M. K., Gorton, G. B., & Krishnamurthy, A. (2019). Dodd-Frank: Five years on. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 33(1), 83–104. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.1.83
Burtch, G., Carnahan, S., & Greenwood, B. N. (2018). Can you gig it? An empirical examination of the gig-economy and entrepreneurial activity. Management Science, 64(12), 5497–5520. https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.2939
Campanella, C. (2020). The impact of fintech on banks' leverage. Journal of Financial Stability, 51, 100806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2020.100806
Caruana, J., Haldane, A. G., & Narayan, P. K. (2022). Systemic risk, macroprudential policy, and financial stability: An overview. Journal of Banking & Finance, 134, 106286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2022.106286
Catalini, C., Gans, J. S., & Gupta, A. (2020). The impact of the sharing economy on business and society. Journal of Management Studies, 57(3), 521–527. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12596
Chen, S., Pan, W., & Liu, J. (2023). Cybersecurity risk management for fintech firms: An analysis of information-sharing incentives. Decision Support Systems, 148, 113643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2021.113643
Chiu, J. W., Choi, J. J., & Kim, S. S. (2022). Fintech adoption and regulations: Evidence from a survey of Korean consumers. Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, 75, 101883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pacfin.2021.101883
Claessens, S., Frost, J., Turner, G., & Zhu, F. (2018). The Future of Fintech and Market Structure in Financial Services: Market Developments and Potential Financial Stability Implications. International Monetary Fund. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513574850.001
Claessens, S., Frost, J., Turner, G., & Zhu, F. (2020). Fintech and financial stability. International Monetary Fund. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513537206.001
Claessens, S., Frost, J., Turner, G., & Zhu, F. (2021). The Future of Fintech and Cyber Risk. International Monetary Fund. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513574850.001
Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Klapper, L. (2018). Innovative financial inclusion: Fintech lending. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (8364). https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8364
European Commission. (2018). Proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on European crowdfunding service providers (ECSP) for business, and proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Directive (EU) 2017/1132 as regards cross-border conversions, mergers and divisions (COM/2018/113 final – 2018/0048 (COD)). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52018PC0113&from=EN
European Parliament and Council. (2016). Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing Directive 95/46/EC (General Data Protection Regulation). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2016/679/oj
FCA. (2020). Regulatory sandbox. Financial Conduct Authority. https://www.fca.org.uk/firms/regulatory-sandbox
Financial Stability Board. (2018). Fintech and market structure in financial services: Market developments and potential financial stability implications. Financial Stability Board. https://www.fsb.org/2018/06/fintech-and-market-structure-in-financial-services-market-developments-and-potential-financial-stability-implications/
Gai, P., Haldane, A. G., & Kapadia, S. (2018). Complexity, concentration and contagion. Journal of Monetary Economics, 96, 73–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2018.02.010
Gai, P., Haldane, A. G., & Kapadia, S. (2021). Financial stability analytics: Models, data, and challenges. Journal of Financial Stability, 52, 100836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2021.100836
Gomber, P., Koch, J. A., & Siering, M. (2018). Digital finance and fintech: Current research and future research directions. Journal of Business Economics, 88(5), 537–580. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-018-0891-3
Gorton, G. (2021). Macrofinancial history and the new business cycle facts. Journal of Financial Stability, 54, 100901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2021.100901
Hannah, G., Linton, O., & Zang, X. (2023). Real-time regulatory arbitrage: Machine learning on granular credit data. Journal of Banking & Finance, 134, 106290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2022.106290
Hildebrandt, M. (2019). Smart technologies and the end(s) of law: Novel entanglements of law and technology. Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788978042
Huang, T., Lu, Q., Yang, J., & Huang, X. (2021). Exploring the security and privacy risks in the Internet of Things (IoT) from users’ perspective: Based on protection motivation theory (PMT). Future Generation Computer Systems, 121, 133–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2021.02.017
IMF. (2022). Financial Regulatory and Supervisory Responses to FinTech: Evolution or Revolution?. International Monetary Fund. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781513597774.001
Laeven, L., & Valencia, F. (2022). Systemic banking crises revisited. Journal of Financial Stability, 58, 100936. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2021.100936
MAS. (2020). Regulatory sandbox. Monetary Authority of Singapore. https://www.mas.gov.sg/regulation/experimental-regulatory-sandbox
Monetary Authority of Singapore. (2020). Innovation functions. Monetary Authority of Singapore. https://www.mas.gov.sg/regulation/innovation/innovation-functions
Muganyi, N. Z. (2022). The role of financial technology on financial inclusion in China. Technology in Society, 71, 101882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101882
Narayanan, A., Bonneau, J., Felten, E., Miller, A., & Goldfeder, S. (2016). Bitcoin and cryptocurrency technologies: A comprehensive introduction. Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvc77zj0
Park, K. (2023). Decentralized finance (DeFi): A comprehensive review. Journal of Banking & Finance, 134, 106287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2022.106287
Rahim, M. M. (2022). Machine learning for finance: A comprehensive review. Expert Systems with Applications, 191, 115015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2022.115015
Sahut, J. M., El Baz, J., & El Haddad, M. (2020). The future of fintech: A bibliometric analysis. Journal of Economic Surveys, 34(5), 1120–1150. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12390
Schueffel, P. (2016). Fintech: Shaping the future of finance. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42448-4
Smith, M. (2019). Cybersecurity and cyberwar: What everyone needs to know. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199918119.001.0001
Smoleńska, A. (2020). The use of artificial intelligence for anti-money laundering and terrorism financing prevention purposes—Regulatory challenges and perspectives. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 23(3), 653–674. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-11-2019-0071
Soska, K., Kührer, M., Antunes, N., Zarras, A., & Caballero, J. (2020). Cyber threat intelligence: A systematic literature review. Computers & Security, 89, 101630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2019.101630
Swan, M. (2021). Blockchain economics: implications of distributed ledger technology. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04792-8
Vučinić, D. (2020). Fintech and regulatory challenges. European Research Studies Journal, 23(1), 269–281. https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/1539