Main Article Content
Abstract
This research discusses the phenomenon of cyberpolitics as a digital democratic space with a focus on political campaigns through Instagram in the 2024 Makassar Pilwalkot. Social media, especially Instagram, is used intensely by candidate pairs to build a political image and convey work programs visually to the public. On the other hand, millennials, as the dominant social media users, utilise the platform to access political information, interact directly with candidates, and determine voting preferences. Through a literature study approach and content analysis, this research shows that digital space has great potential in expanding horizontal political participation. However, the effectiveness of cyberspace as a democratic arena cannot be separated from challenges such as symbolic participation, algorithm dominance, and digital literacy gaps. Instagram has been proven to facilitate the political participation of the younger generation. However, it has not been able to fully bridge the inequality of political representation due to digital exclusion. By applying the theories of agenda setting, political efficacy, and networked public sphere, this study concludes that the quality of political communication, information disclosure, and the critical capacity of digital citizens largely determine the success of digital democracy in cyberspace.
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References
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References
Admin. (2022). Hasil Rekapitulasi Pilkada Makassar 2024: Appi–Aliyah Menang dengan 319.112 Suara. https://www.detik.com/sulsel/pilkada/d-7674818
Admin. (2024). Key TikTok Statistics and Trends 2024. https://www.reddit.com/r/Analyzify/comments/1ctzmyc/key_tiktok_statistics_and_trends_2024/
Aitken, S., & Soja, E. W. (1998). Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places. In Geographical Review (Vol. 88). https://doi.org/10.2307/215881
Alim, S. (2024). Masa Kampanye Pilkada Sulsel 2024 Peringkat Pertama Paling Rawan di RI. https://www.detik.com/sulsel/makassar/d-7531985/masa-kampanye-pilkada-sulsel-2024-peringkat-pertama-paling-rawan-di-ri?utm
Andrejevic, M. (2007). Surveillance in the digital enclosure. Communication Review, 10(4), 295–317. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714420701715365
Center, K. I. (2023). Survei Perilaku Politik Gen Z dan Milenial Indonesia 2023. Jakarta. https://katadata.co.id
Fatir, M. D. (2024). Bawaslu Sulsel bentuk tim siber awasi konten medsos selama kampanye Pilkada 2024. https://makassar.antaranews.com/berita/562639/bawaslu-sulsel-bentuk-tim-siber-awasi-konten-medsos-selama-kampanye-pilkada-2024/
Galston, W. A. (2001). Political Knowledge, Political Engagement, and Civic Education. Annual Review of Political Science, 4(1), 217–234. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.4.1.217
Grabe, M. E., & Bucy, E. P. (2010). Image Bite Politics: News and the Visual Framing of Elections. Image Bite Politics: News and the Visual Framing of Elections, 1–332. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372076.001.0001
Grindstaff, L. (2011). Communication Power. Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews, 40(6), 698–700. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094306111425016k
Hastira, M. F. (2020). Perubahan Politik Elektoral Dan Strategi Menghadapinya (Studi Kasus Partai Nasional Demokrat (NASDEM) Dalam Menghadapi Pemilihan Legislatif 2019) (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Hasanuddin). (Universitas Hasanuddin). Universitas Hasanuddin. Diambil dari https://repository.unhas.ac.id/1911/2/E11115505_skripsi_28-08-2020 1-4.pdf
Hjarvard, S. (2008). The Mediatization of Society. Nordicom Review, 29(2), 102–131. https://doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0181
Ikram, N. (2024). Survei APJII, Pengguna Internet Indonesia 2024 Mencapai 221,5 Juta Jiwa. https://m.cyberthreat.id/read/16426/Survei-APJII-Pengguna-Internet-Indonesia-2024-Mencapai-2215-Juta-Jiwa?
Kristianti, L. (2024). APJII sebut penetrasi internet Indonesia naik jadi 79,5 persen di 2024. https://www.antaranews.com/berita/3941181/apjii-?
Lai, R., & Beh, L.-S. (2025). The Impact of Political Efficacy on Citizens' E-Participation in Digital Government. Administrative Sciences, 15(1), 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci15010017
Machi, L., McEvoy, B., & Abdullah, M. (2016). The Literature Review: Six Steps to Success. Academic Journal of Research and Scientific Publishing | 1, 5–7. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339032640_Book_Review_The_Literature_Review_Six_Steps_to_Success_3rd_edition_by_Lawrence_A_Machi_and_Brenda_T_McEvoy_2016
McCombs, M. E., & Shaw, D. L. (1972). The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media. Public Opinion Quarterly, 36(2), 176. https://doi.org/10.1086/267990
Mulyadi, D., Claudia, C., Ratu, N., & Januwati, P. (2024). Fenomena kotak kosong dalam pilkada tahun 2024. Jurnal Hukum Ius Publicum, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.55551/jip.v5i2.185
NapoleonCat. (2024). Instagram users in Indonesia. https://napoleoncat.com/stats/instagram-users-in-indonesia/2024/01/
Norris, P. (2001). A virtuous circle: political communications in postindustrial societies. In Choice Reviews Online (Vol. 39). https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.39-0604
Porter, S. R., & Whitcomb, M. E. (2003). The Impact of Contact Type on Web Survey Response Rates. Public Opinion Quarterly, 67(4), 579–588. https://doi.org/10.1086/378964
Redaksi. (2024). Siaran Pers Mafindo: Hoaks Politik Meningkat Tajam Jelang Pemilu 2024, Ganggu Demokrasi Indonesia. https://mafindo.or.id/2024/02/02/siaran-pers-mafindo-hoaks-politik-meningkat-tajam-jelang-pemilu-2024-ganggu-demokrasi-indonesia/
RI, B. (2023). Indeks Kerawanan Pemilu dan Pemilihan Serentak 2024. In T. E. B. RI (Ed.), Bawaslu Republik Indonesia. Jakarta: Bawaslu RI.
Santika, E. F. (2024). Tingkat Penetrasi Internet Indonesia Capai 79,5% per 2024. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/teknologi-telekomunikasi/statistik/e6f9d69e252de32/tingkat-penetrasi-internet-indonesia-capai-795-per-2024
Sari, R. P. (2024). APJII : Survei Penetrasi Internet Indonesia 2024. https://www.cloudcomputing.id/berita/apjii-survei-penetrasi-internet?
Schwab, K. (2016). The Fourth Industrial Revolution. In Information Technology and Libraries (Vol. 40). World Economic Forum. https://doi.org/10.6017/ITAL.V40I1.13193
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Sudulich, M. L. (2008). Digital Citizenship, The Internet, Society, and Participation. Information, Communication & Society, 11(7), 1035–1036. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691180802258738
Yuan, M. (2012). A private sphere: democracy in a digital age. Democratization, 19(3), 606–609. https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2012.674366