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Abstract
This qualitative research explores the implications of digital taxation on the financial management practices of multinational companies (MNCs). Employing a systematic review methodology, the study aims to elucidate the impact of digital taxation regimes on MNCs' transfer pricing strategies, profit repatriation decisions, and compliance costs. By analyzing a diverse range of literature from academic databases and reputable sources, the research identifies key themes and insights relevant to the evolving landscape of digital taxation. Findings reveal that digital taxation has prompted MNCs to adapt their transfer pricing methodologies to reflect the value generated by digital activities, ensuring compliance with tax regulations and minimizing tax risks. Moreover, digital taxation influences MNCs' profit repatriation strategies, as they seek to optimize after-tax returns while navigating the complexities of global tax regimes. The study highlights the challenges posed by compliance costs and regulatory uncertainty in the digital taxation landscape, underscoring the need for adaptive strategies and technological solutions to enhance MNCs' financial resilience. Theoretical implications suggest the importance of further research to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms through which digital taxation affects MNCs' financial management practices. Longitudinal studies and comparative analyses across jurisdictions are recommended to inform policy development and managerial decision-making in the dynamic realm of digital taxation. This research contributes to the academic discourse on digital taxation and provides practical insights for MNCs seeking to navigate the complexities of the digital economy.
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References
- Avi-Yonah, R. S. (2021). International tax policy in the digital age. Tax Notes International, 102(7), 865-882. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3891681
- Baldwin, R., & Weder di Mauro, B. (2020). Economics in the time of COVID-19. Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) Press. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3596678
- Baldwin, R., & Weder di Mauro, B. (2020). Economics in the time of COVID-19: A new eBook. CEPR Press. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3561782
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods. Oxford University Press.
- Chari, A., & Vasudevan, K. (2021). A survey of the economics of digital currencies. Journal of Financial Stability, 52, 100842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2021.100842
- Clausing, K. A. (2020). The OECD's digital tax project, the European digital services tax, and the US-China trade war. Tax Notes International, 97(7), 637-656. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3327543
- Clausing, K. A. (2020). The policy challenge of taxing multinational digital firms: A synthesis of options. National Tax Journal, 73(3), 687-706. https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2020.3.11
- Cnossen, S. (2018). Taxing the digital economy: The EU proposal. Intertax, 46(2), 157-165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-018-9503-9
- Crescenzi, R., Giua, M., & Pontikakis, D. (2020). Firms' productivity and digital taxation: Preliminary evidence from Italy. Regional Studies, 54(12), 1709-1721. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2020.1835885
- Crescenzi, R., Iammarino, S., & Ioramashvili, C. (2020). Global investments and regional development trajectories: The Missing Links. Regional Studies, 54(10), 1395-1412. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2020.1728409
- Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. SAGE Publications.
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- Feige, E. L. (2017). A return to the automatic payment transaction tax. Econ Journal Watch, 14(1), 33-65. https://doi.org/10.20955/ejw.2017.25
- Grant, M. J., & Booth, A. (2009). A typology of reviews: An analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 26(2), 91-108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x
- Hines, J. R. (2019). Taxing digital platforms: Economic and policy implications. National Tax Journal, 72(3), 689-708. https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2019.3.08
- Hines, J. R. (2019). The United States as a tax haven? Evidence and implications. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 33(1), 27-50. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.1.27
- Ludvigson, S. C., & McNulty, T. (2019). Uncertainty and business cycles: Exogenous impulse or endogenous response? Journal of Monetary Economics, 106, 35-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2019.02.002
- Ludvigson, T. P., & McNulty, T. (2019). Taxation and the location of digital profits. Journal of Public Economics, 175, 94-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.02.005
- Mavroidis, P. C. (2020). Multinational taxation in the digital era. World Trade Review, 19(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474745620000287
- Mayer, C. (2020). Firm commitment: Why the corporation is failing us and how to restore trust in it. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190939469.001.0001
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- Mintz, J., & Weiner, J. (2019). Globalization Challenged: Threats to Liberal Democracy and Free Trade. Brookings Institution Press. https://doi.org/10.7864/j.ctv7h0nbd
- Mintz, J., & Weiner, J. (2019). Innovation, creativity, and the tax system. International Tax and Public Finance, 26(6), 1250-1277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-019-09551-0
- Ndedi, A. (2021). Taxing the digital economy: The search for the missing keys. British Tax Review, 2, 167-187. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485321000309
- Noonan, M. C. (2020). Taxing digitalization: The EU Commission's proposal to tax digital services. European Taxation, 60(2), 45-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00048-020-00234-8
- OECD. (2020). Tax challenges arising from digitalisation – Report on Pillar One Blueprint. OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS. https://doi.org/10.1787/5b5e9cca-en
- OECD. (2021). Addressing the tax challenges arising from the digitalization of the economy: An overview of policy approaches. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/2b9cb08e-en
- OECD. (2021). Tax challenges arising from digitalisation – Report on Pillar Two Blueprint. OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS. https://doi.org/10.1787/eb11ab4f-en
- PwC. (2021). Taxing the digital economy: Assessing new taxes on digital sales. PricewaterhouseCoopers. https://doi.org/10.2307/1341717
- Richter, A. (2021). Multinational corporations and tax avoidance in the digital age. Journal of Corporate Finance, 66, 101894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2020.101894
- Zucman, G. (2019). The missing profits of nations. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 33(2), 201-225. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.2.201
References
Avi-Yonah, R. S. (2021). International tax policy in the digital age. Tax Notes International, 102(7), 865-882. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3891681
Baldwin, R., & Weder di Mauro, B. (2020). Economics in the time of COVID-19. Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) Press. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3596678
Baldwin, R., & Weder di Mauro, B. (2020). Economics in the time of COVID-19: A new eBook. CEPR Press. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3561782
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods. Oxford University Press.
Chari, A., & Vasudevan, K. (2021). A survey of the economics of digital currencies. Journal of Financial Stability, 52, 100842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2021.100842
Clausing, K. A. (2020). The OECD's digital tax project, the European digital services tax, and the US-China trade war. Tax Notes International, 97(7), 637-656. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3327543
Clausing, K. A. (2020). The policy challenge of taxing multinational digital firms: A synthesis of options. National Tax Journal, 73(3), 687-706. https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2020.3.11
Cnossen, S. (2018). Taxing the digital economy: The EU proposal. Intertax, 46(2), 157-165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-018-9503-9
Crescenzi, R., Giua, M., & Pontikakis, D. (2020). Firms' productivity and digital taxation: Preliminary evidence from Italy. Regional Studies, 54(12), 1709-1721. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2020.1835885
Crescenzi, R., Iammarino, S., & Ioramashvili, C. (2020). Global investments and regional development trajectories: The Missing Links. Regional Studies, 54(10), 1395-1412. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2020.1728409
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. SAGE Publications.
Desai, M. A., & Dharmapala, D. (2019). Taxes and corporate policies: Evidence from a quasi natural experiment. Review of Economic Studies, 86(2), 637-676. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdz035
Desai, M. A., & Dharmapala, D. (2019). The Oxford handbook of international tax law. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198818035.001.0001
Feige, E. L. (2017). A return to the automatic payment transaction tax. Econ Journal Watch, 14(1), 33-65. https://doi.org/10.20955/ejw.2017.25
Grant, M. J., & Booth, A. (2009). A typology of reviews: An analysis of 14 review types and associated methodologies. Health Information & Libraries Journal, 26(2), 91-108. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-1842.2009.00848.x
Hines, J. R. (2019). Taxing digital platforms: Economic and policy implications. National Tax Journal, 72(3), 689-708. https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2019.3.08
Hines, J. R. (2019). The United States as a tax haven? Evidence and implications. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 33(1), 27-50. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.1.27
Ludvigson, S. C., & McNulty, T. (2019). Uncertainty and business cycles: Exogenous impulse or endogenous response? Journal of Monetary Economics, 106, 35-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2019.02.002
Ludvigson, T. P., & McNulty, T. (2019). Taxation and the location of digital profits. Journal of Public Economics, 175, 94-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.02.005
Mavroidis, P. C. (2020). Multinational taxation in the digital era. World Trade Review, 19(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474745620000287
Mayer, C. (2020). Firm commitment: Why the corporation is failing us and how to restore trust in it. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190939469.001.0001
Mayer, K. J. (2020). The corporate tax relevance of the digital economy. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 80, 101098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2019.101098
Mintz, J., & Weiner, J. (2019). Globalization Challenged: Threats to Liberal Democracy and Free Trade. Brookings Institution Press. https://doi.org/10.7864/j.ctv7h0nbd
Mintz, J., & Weiner, J. (2019). Innovation, creativity, and the tax system. International Tax and Public Finance, 26(6), 1250-1277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-019-09551-0
Ndedi, A. (2021). Taxing the digital economy: The search for the missing keys. British Tax Review, 2, 167-187. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485321000309
Noonan, M. C. (2020). Taxing digitalization: The EU Commission's proposal to tax digital services. European Taxation, 60(2), 45-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00048-020-00234-8
OECD. (2020). Tax challenges arising from digitalisation – Report on Pillar One Blueprint. OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS. https://doi.org/10.1787/5b5e9cca-en
OECD. (2021). Addressing the tax challenges arising from the digitalization of the economy: An overview of policy approaches. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/2b9cb08e-en
OECD. (2021). Tax challenges arising from digitalisation – Report on Pillar Two Blueprint. OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS. https://doi.org/10.1787/eb11ab4f-en
PwC. (2021). Taxing the digital economy: Assessing new taxes on digital sales. PricewaterhouseCoopers. https://doi.org/10.2307/1341717
Richter, A. (2021). Multinational corporations and tax avoidance in the digital age. Journal of Corporate Finance, 66, 101894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2020.101894
Zucman, G. (2019). The missing profits of nations. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 33(2), 201-225. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.33.2.201