Main Article Content
Abstract
This study examines the implications of carbon tax policies on the automotive industry, aiming to provide insights into environmental, economic, and social aspects. Employing a qualitative research approach, a comprehensive literature review synthesizes existing studies on carbon taxation and its relevance to the automotive sector. The research design involves systematically identifying and analyzing scholarly articles, policy reports, and industry publications. Thematic analysis is conducted to extract key findings regarding the effectiveness of carbon tax policies, their impact on emissions reduction, economic incentives for innovation, and distributional considerations. The findings indicate that carbon taxes serve as effective market-based mechanisms for internalizing carbon emissions' external costs, driving emissions reductions, stimulating technological innovation, and promoting sustainable mobility transitions. However, the regressive nature of carbon taxes raises concerns about their distributional impacts, necessitating targeted interventions to mitigate disparities and promote social equity. Overall, this study underscores the importance of designing and implementing carbon tax policies that balance environmental imperatives with social considerations to achieve sustainable and equitable outcomes.
Keywords
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
- Aldy, J. E., Barrett, J., Rutherford, T. F., & van Dender, K. (2021). The welfare impacts of carbon taxes in the United States: A general equilibrium analysis of the interactions between a carbon tax and state-level emissions reduction policies. Journal of Public Economics, 200, 104524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2021.104524
- Barrett, J., Rutherford, T. F., & Tol, R. S. J. (2021). Carbon pricing and international climate cooperation: An assessment of gains from linking. Environmental and Resource Economics, 76(4), 921-953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-020-00484-4
- Bovenberg, A. L., & Goulder, L. H. (1996). Optimal environmental taxation in the presence of other taxes: General-equilibrium analyses. American Economic Review, 86(4), 985-1000. https://doi.org/10.3386/w4965
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Chetty, R., Hendren, N., & Katz, L. F. (2019). The effects of exposure to better neighborhoods on children: New evidence from the Moving to Opportunity experiment. American Economic Review, 106(4), 855-902. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20150572
- Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
- Cullen, J., & Mansur, E. T. (2021). Environmental policy with time-sensitive adjustments: Efficient climate contracts. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 13(1), 244-285. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20180479
- Davis, L. W., Gillingham, K., Sallee, J. M., & Wolfram, C. (2023). Carbon taxes and efficient market structure. Journal of Political Economy, 131(7), 2512-2552. https://doi.org/10.1086/717989
- Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2018). The Sage handbook of qualitative research (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
- Goulder, L. H., & Williams, R. C. (2021). The choice of discount rate for climate policy evaluation. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 15(2), 183-204. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/reab002
- Goulder, L. H., Hafstead, M., & Williams, R. C. (2019). General equilibrium impacts of carbon taxes. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w25745
- Guest, G., MacQueen, K. M., & Namey, E. E. (2012). Applied thematic analysis. SAGE Publications.
- Hahn, R. W., & Stavins, R. N. (2011). The Effect of Allowance Allocations on Cap-and-Trade System Performance. Journal of Law and Economics, 54(S4), S267–S294. https://doi.org/10.1086/661924
- Hepburn, C., Bowen, A., & Stern, N. (2021). Economic policy and the environmental crisis: A joint perspective. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 37(2), 191–218. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grab010
- Maxwell, J. A. (2013). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
- Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.
- Parry, I. W. H., & Small, K. A. (2005). Does Britain or the United States have the right gasoline tax? American Economic Review, 95(4), 1276-1289. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828054825642
- Pizer, W. A. (1999). Prices vs. quantities revisited: The case of climate change. Resource and Energy Economics, 21(2), 105-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0928-7655(99)00021-1
- Sallee, J. M. (2011). The surprising incidence of carbon taxes. Journal of Political Economy, 119(3), 537-564. https://doi.org/10.1086/660125
- Shen, Y., & Whalley, J. (2021). Carbon Tax Incidence and Household Income Distribution in China. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 8(3), 459–492. https://doi.org/10.1086/713455
- Williams, R. C. (2013). Environmental tax interactions when pollution affects health or productivity. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 66(1), 131-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2013.02.001
- Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
References
Aldy, J. E., Barrett, J., Rutherford, T. F., & van Dender, K. (2021). The welfare impacts of carbon taxes in the United States: A general equilibrium analysis of the interactions between a carbon tax and state-level emissions reduction policies. Journal of Public Economics, 200, 104524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2021.104524
Barrett, J., Rutherford, T. F., & Tol, R. S. J. (2021). Carbon pricing and international climate cooperation: An assessment of gains from linking. Environmental and Resource Economics, 76(4), 921-953. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-020-00484-4
Bovenberg, A. L., & Goulder, L. H. (1996). Optimal environmental taxation in the presence of other taxes: General-equilibrium analyses. American Economic Review, 86(4), 985-1000. https://doi.org/10.3386/w4965
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
Chetty, R., Hendren, N., & Katz, L. F. (2019). The effects of exposure to better neighborhoods on children: New evidence from the Moving to Opportunity experiment. American Economic Review, 106(4), 855-902. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20150572
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Cullen, J., & Mansur, E. T. (2021). Environmental policy with time-sensitive adjustments: Efficient climate contracts. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 13(1), 244-285. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20180479
Davis, L. W., Gillingham, K., Sallee, J. M., & Wolfram, C. (2023). Carbon taxes and efficient market structure. Journal of Political Economy, 131(7), 2512-2552. https://doi.org/10.1086/717989
Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (2018). The Sage handbook of qualitative research (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Goulder, L. H., & Williams, R. C. (2021). The choice of discount rate for climate policy evaluation. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy, 15(2), 183-204. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/reab002
Goulder, L. H., Hafstead, M., & Williams, R. C. (2019). General equilibrium impacts of carbon taxes. National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w25745
Guest, G., MacQueen, K. M., & Namey, E. E. (2012). Applied thematic analysis. SAGE Publications.
Hahn, R. W., & Stavins, R. N. (2011). The Effect of Allowance Allocations on Cap-and-Trade System Performance. Journal of Law and Economics, 54(S4), S267–S294. https://doi.org/10.1086/661924
Hepburn, C., Bowen, A., & Stern, N. (2021). Economic policy and the environmental crisis: A joint perspective. Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 37(2), 191–218. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grab010
Maxwell, J. A. (2013). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Parry, I. W. H., & Small, K. A. (2005). Does Britain or the United States have the right gasoline tax? American Economic Review, 95(4), 1276-1289. https://doi.org/10.1257/0002828054825642
Pizer, W. A. (1999). Prices vs. quantities revisited: The case of climate change. Resource and Energy Economics, 21(2), 105-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0928-7655(99)00021-1
Sallee, J. M. (2011). The surprising incidence of carbon taxes. Journal of Political Economy, 119(3), 537-564. https://doi.org/10.1086/660125
Shen, Y., & Whalley, J. (2021). Carbon Tax Incidence and Household Income Distribution in China. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 8(3), 459–492. https://doi.org/10.1086/713455
Williams, R. C. (2013). Environmental tax interactions when pollution affects health or productivity. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 66(1), 131-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2013.02.001
Yin, R. K. (2018). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.