Main Article Content
Abstract
This qualitative literature review investigates the influence of taxation policies on capital flows and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between taxes and international investment patterns, focusing on theoretical frameworks, empirical evidence, and policy implications. The research methodology involves a systematic search and analysis of relevant scholarly literature from reputable academic databases. Thematic analysis is employed to identify recurring themes and patterns in the literature, ensuring rigor and reliability in the findings. The results reveal that taxes play a significant role in shaping FDI inflows, with higher tax rates generally deterring foreign investors. However, the impact of taxes on FDI varies depending on contextual factors such as economic development, sectoral composition, and institutional quality. Mechanisms through which taxes influence investment behavior include their direct impact on after-tax profitability, as well as indirect effects on investor perceptions of risk and return. Policy implications highlight the importance of tax competitiveness, institutional quality, and complementary measures in attracting and retaining FDI.
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References
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- Akcigit, U., Grigsby, J., & Nicholas, T. (2018). Immigration and the rise of American ingenuity. American Economic Review, 108(2), 364-411. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20160609
- Alfaro, L., & Gupta, U. (2010). Sovereign wealth funds and long-term investors in natural resources: The case of Norway. Journal of Financial Economics, 98(2), 507-526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2010.07.003
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- Alm, J., & Embaye, A. (2021). The effects of tax policy and tax administration on tax compliance: Evidence from Ethiopia. World Development, 140, 105368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105368
- Arouri, M. E. H., Boubaker, S., & Nguyen, D. K. (2021). Does economic development weaken the impact of corporate taxes on FDI inflows? Evidence from French bilateral investment treaties. Economic Modelling, 94, 299-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2020.11.004
- Avi-Yonah, R. S. (2017). The OECD’s digital tax proposal: A critical analysis. Intertax, 45(10), 746-756. https://doi.org/10.5771/0020- 7128-2017-10-746
- Barrios, S., Huizinga, H., Laeven, L., & Nicodème, G. (2020). International taxation and multinational firm location decisions. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 102(2), 328-342. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00897
- Barrios, S., Huizinga, H., Laeven, L., & Nicodème, G. (2020). International taxation and multinational firm location decisions. Journal of Public Economics, 185, 104104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104104
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- Blonigen, B. A., & Wang, M. (2005). Inappropriate pooling of wealthy and poor countries in empirical FDI studies. NBER Working Paper, 11299. https://doi.org/10.3386/w11299
- Bloom, N., Sadun, R., & Van Reenen, J. (2019). The causal impact of knowledge spillovers: Evidence from CEO network centrality. Review of Economic Studies, 86(6), 2463-2500. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdz019
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- Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199689453.001.0001
- Chen, W., Martínez-Zarzoso, I., & Vo, X. V. (2019). Financial development, institutional quality and FDI: Evidence from emerging economies. Emerging Markets Review, 41, 100661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2019.100661
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- Clausing, K. A. (2021). Corporate tax avoidance after the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Tax Notes International, 101(9), 1041-1053. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3711579
- Cloyd, B., & Lin, C. (2019). Examining the relationship between taxation and foreign direct investment: Does the quality of government matter? Economics Letters, 180, 34-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2019.04.015
- Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2017). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781506335193
- Desai, M. A., Foley, C. F., & Hines Jr, J. R. (2006). Capital controls, liberalizations, and foreign direct investment. Review of Financial Studies, 19(4), 1433-1464. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhj032
- Desai, M. A., Foley, C. F., & Hines Jr, J. R. (2006). The demand for tax haven operations. Journal of Public Economics, 90(3), 513-531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2005.04.005
- Devereux, M. P., Griffith, R., & Klemm, A. (2021). Why does tax competition increase with globalisation? International Economic Review, 62(1), 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/iere.12519
- Dischinger, M., & Riedel, N. (2011). Corporate taxes and the location of intangible assets within multinational firms. Journal of Public Economics, 95(7-8), 691-707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.12.004
- Dunning, J. H. (2008). Location and the multinational enterprise: A neglected factor?. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(2), 217-234. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400326
- Durusu-Ciftci, D., & Gokmenoglu, K. K. (2020). Economic globalization and inward foreign direct investment in emerging markets. Research in International Business and Finance, 52, 101172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2020.101172
- Durusu-Ciftci, D., & Gokmenoglu, K. K. (2020). The moderating effect of economic development on the relationship between corporate taxes and FDI: evidence from Asia-Pacific countries. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 27(4), 472-492. https://doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2020.1841343
- Egger, P. H., & Strecker, N. (2020). The European Union's role in global tax policy: Dealing with changing international tax policies. Economic Policy, 35(103), 321-366. https://doi.org/10.1093/epolic/eiaa024
- Flick, U. (2018). An introduction to qualitative research. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526446205
- Fuest, C., & Peichl, A. (2018). Is a flat tax reform feasible in a grown-up democracy of Western Europe? A simulation study for Germany. Fiscal Studies, 39(1), 181-215. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12156
- Fuest, C., & Peichl, A. (2018). Is a tax cut on corporate profits really the best way to stimulate the economy? IFO Schnelldienst, 71(23), 3-8. https://doi.org/10.1628/ifosd-2018-0064
- Fuest, C., & Riedel, N. (2009). Tax evasion, tax avoidance, and tax expenditures in developing countries: A review of the literature. CESifo Working Paper Series, 2545. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1510842
- Gibbs, G. R. (2017). Analyzing qualitative data. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473921396
- Goolsbee, A., & Maydew, E. L. (2000). Coveting thy neighbor's manufacturing: The dilemma of state income apportionment. Journal of Public Economics, 75(1), 125-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00037-8
- Hennink, M. M., Hutter, I., & Bailey, A. (2020). Qualitative research methods. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529712085
- Hines Jr, J. R. (2018). International taxation and multinational activity. University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226501968.001.0001
- Hines Jr, J. R. (2018). What explains the worldwide boom in regionalism? Review of International Economics, 26(5), 948-970. https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12380
- Jun, M. (1989). The impact of taxes on foreign direct investment: Empirical evidence from the U.S. multinational corporations. Journal of Public Economics, 39(3), 243-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(89)90036-6
- Kolstad, I., & Wiig, A. (2016). Does democracy reduce the risk of international conflict? The regime type trap. American Journal of Political Science, 60(3), 597-612. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12187
- Liu, Y., Shen, J., & Xu, X. (2020). What are the sources of profit of multinational enterprises? Evidence from China. China Economic Review, 60, 101421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2020.101421
- Loretz, S., & Mokkas, S. (2016). Corporate income taxes, losses and groups' debt capacity. Journal of Public Economics, 137, 95-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2016.03.004
- Merriam, S. B. (2014). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. Jossey-Bass. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119003618
- Mintz, J., & Weichenrieder, A. J. (2010). The indirect side of direct investment: Multinational company finance and taxation. MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262014495.001.0001
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- Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412986204
- Saldana, J. (2015). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473922195
- Silverman, D. (2016). Qualitative research. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473994178
- UNCTAD. (2021). World Investment Report 2021: Investment and New Industrial Policies. United Nations. https://doi.org/10.18356/5fc7379a-en
- Wei, S. J. (2000). How taxing is corruption on international investors?. Review of Economics and Statistics, 82(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465300558681
- World Bank. (2020). World Development Report 2020: Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains. World Bank Publications. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1467-3
- Xing, M., Zhang, Z., & Wang, Z. (2020). Tax complexity and business innovation: Evidence from China. Journal of Corporate Finance, 62, 101610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2020.101610
- Yin, R. K. (2017). Case study research and applications: Design and methods. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781506336169
- Zucman, G., Tørsløv, T. R., & Wier, L. (2021). Global wealth and taxation: A survey. Journal of Economic Perspec
References
Aghion, P., Akcigit, U., & Stantcheva, S. (2020). Taxation and innovation in the 20th century. American Economic Review, 110(2), 322-56. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20170516
Akcigit, U., Grigsby, J., & Nicholas, T. (2018). Immigration and the rise of American ingenuity. American Economic Review, 108(2), 364-411. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20160609
Alfaro, L., & Gupta, U. (2010). Sovereign wealth funds and long-term investors in natural resources: The case of Norway. Journal of Financial Economics, 98(2), 507-526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2010.07.003
Alfaro, L., & Gupta, U. (2010). The impact of lax capital taxation on FDI and economic growth. Economic Journal, 120(544), 372-383. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02406.x
Alm, J., & Embaye, A. (2021). The effects of tax policy and tax administration on tax compliance: Evidence from Ethiopia. World Development, 140, 105368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105368
Arouri, M. E. H., Boubaker, S., & Nguyen, D. K. (2021). Does economic development weaken the impact of corporate taxes on FDI inflows? Evidence from French bilateral investment treaties. Economic Modelling, 94, 299-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2020.11.004
Avi-Yonah, R. S. (2017). The OECD’s digital tax proposal: A critical analysis. Intertax, 45(10), 746-756. https://doi.org/10.5771/0020- 7128-2017-10-746
Barrios, S., Huizinga, H., Laeven, L., & Nicodème, G. (2020). International taxation and multinational firm location decisions. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 102(2), 328-342. https://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00897
Barrios, S., Huizinga, H., Laeven, L., & Nicodème, G. (2020). International taxation and multinational firm location decisions. Journal of Public Economics, 185, 104104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104104
Becker, J., Fuest, C., & Overesch, M. (2019). The effect of corporate taxes on investment: Evidence from the corporate tax collection database. Journal of Banking & Finance, 100, 1-1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2018.11.012
Bénassy-Quéré, A., Fontagné, L., & Lahrèche-Révil, A. (2017). Tax reforms in times of high indebtedness: The case of Germany. European Journal of Political Economy, 47, 74-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2016.06.003
Blonigen, B. A., & Davies, R. B. (2004). Do bilateral tax treaties promote foreign direct investment? International Tax and Public Finance, 11(5), 601-622. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:ITAX.0000041920.85011.4b
Blonigen, B. A., & Davies, R. B. (2004). The effects of bilateral tax treaties on US FDI activity. International Tax and Public Finance, 11(5), 601-622. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:ITAX.0000034932.23975.48
Blonigen, B. A., & Wang, M. (2005). Inappropriate pooling of wealthy and poor countries in empirical FDI studies. NBER Working Paper, 11299. https://doi.org/10.3386/w11299
Bloom, N., Sadun, R., & Van Reenen, J. (2019). The causal impact of knowledge spillovers: Evidence from CEO network centrality. Review of Economic Studies, 86(6), 2463-2500. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdz019
Blouin, J. L., Raedy, J. S., & Shackelford, D. A. (2014). Dividend policy and the earned/contributed capital mix: a test of the life-cycle theory. Journal of Financial Economics, 111(3), 495-518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2013.11.004
Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199689453.001.0001
Chen, W., Martínez-Zarzoso, I., & Vo, X. V. (2019). Financial development, institutional quality and FDI: Evidence from emerging economies. Emerging Markets Review, 41, 100661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2019.100661
Clausing, K. A. (2016). The effect of profit shifting on the corporate tax base in the United States and beyond. National Tax Journal, 69(4), 905-934. https://doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2016.4.05
Clausing, K. A. (2021). Corporate tax avoidance after the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Tax Notes International, 101(9), 1041-1053. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3711579
Cloyd, B., & Lin, C. (2019). Examining the relationship between taxation and foreign direct investment: Does the quality of government matter? Economics Letters, 180, 34-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2019.04.015
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2017). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781506335193
Desai, M. A., Foley, C. F., & Hines Jr, J. R. (2006). Capital controls, liberalizations, and foreign direct investment. Review of Financial Studies, 19(4), 1433-1464. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhj032
Desai, M. A., Foley, C. F., & Hines Jr, J. R. (2006). The demand for tax haven operations. Journal of Public Economics, 90(3), 513-531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2005.04.005
Devereux, M. P., Griffith, R., & Klemm, A. (2021). Why does tax competition increase with globalisation? International Economic Review, 62(1), 1-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/iere.12519
Dischinger, M., & Riedel, N. (2011). Corporate taxes and the location of intangible assets within multinational firms. Journal of Public Economics, 95(7-8), 691-707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.12.004
Dunning, J. H. (2008). Location and the multinational enterprise: A neglected factor?. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(2), 217-234. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400326
Durusu-Ciftci, D., & Gokmenoglu, K. K. (2020). Economic globalization and inward foreign direct investment in emerging markets. Research in International Business and Finance, 52, 101172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ribaf.2020.101172
Durusu-Ciftci, D., & Gokmenoglu, K. K. (2020). The moderating effect of economic development on the relationship between corporate taxes and FDI: evidence from Asia-Pacific countries. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, 27(4), 472-492. https://doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2020.1841343
Egger, P. H., & Strecker, N. (2020). The European Union's role in global tax policy: Dealing with changing international tax policies. Economic Policy, 35(103), 321-366. https://doi.org/10.1093/epolic/eiaa024
Flick, U. (2018). An introduction to qualitative research. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526446205
Fuest, C., & Peichl, A. (2018). Is a flat tax reform feasible in a grown-up democracy of Western Europe? A simulation study for Germany. Fiscal Studies, 39(1), 181-215. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-5890.12156
Fuest, C., & Peichl, A. (2018). Is a tax cut on corporate profits really the best way to stimulate the economy? IFO Schnelldienst, 71(23), 3-8. https://doi.org/10.1628/ifosd-2018-0064
Fuest, C., & Riedel, N. (2009). Tax evasion, tax avoidance, and tax expenditures in developing countries: A review of the literature. CESifo Working Paper Series, 2545. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1510842
Gibbs, G. R. (2017). Analyzing qualitative data. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473921396
Goolsbee, A., & Maydew, E. L. (2000). Coveting thy neighbor's manufacturing: The dilemma of state income apportionment. Journal of Public Economics, 75(1), 125-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00037-8
Hennink, M. M., Hutter, I., & Bailey, A. (2020). Qualitative research methods. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529712085
Hines Jr, J. R. (2018). International taxation and multinational activity. University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226501968.001.0001
Hines Jr, J. R. (2018). What explains the worldwide boom in regionalism? Review of International Economics, 26(5), 948-970. https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12380
Jun, M. (1989). The impact of taxes on foreign direct investment: Empirical evidence from the U.S. multinational corporations. Journal of Public Economics, 39(3), 243-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(89)90036-6
Kolstad, I., & Wiig, A. (2016). Does democracy reduce the risk of international conflict? The regime type trap. American Journal of Political Science, 60(3), 597-612. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12187
Liu, Y., Shen, J., & Xu, X. (2020). What are the sources of profit of multinational enterprises? Evidence from China. China Economic Review, 60, 101421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2020.101421
Loretz, S., & Mokkas, S. (2016). Corporate income taxes, losses and groups' debt capacity. Journal of Public Economics, 137, 95-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2016.03.004
Merriam, S. B. (2014). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. Jossey-Bass. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119003618
Mintz, J., & Weichenrieder, A. J. (2010). The indirect side of direct investment: Multinational company finance and taxation. MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262014495.001.0001
OECD. (2020). Addressing the tax challenges arising from the digitalization of the economy. OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264311044-en
OECD. (2021). OECD Investment Policy Reviews: South East Asia. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/19fc4242-en
OECD. (2021). Tax administration 2021: Comparative information on OECD and other advanced and emerging economies. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/b3e955d6-en
Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative research & evaluation methods: Integrating theory and practice. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412986204
Saldana, J. (2015). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473922195
Silverman, D. (2016). Qualitative research. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473994178
UNCTAD. (2021). World Investment Report 2021: Investment and New Industrial Policies. United Nations. https://doi.org/10.18356/5fc7379a-en
Wei, S. J. (2000). How taxing is corruption on international investors?. Review of Economics and Statistics, 82(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465300558681
World Bank. (2020). World Development Report 2020: Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains. World Bank Publications. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1467-3
Xing, M., Zhang, Z., & Wang, Z. (2020). Tax complexity and business innovation: Evidence from China. Journal of Corporate Finance, 62, 101610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2020.101610
Yin, R. K. (2017). Case study research and applications: Design and methods. Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781506336169
Zucman, G., Tørsløv, T. R., & Wier, L. (2021). Global wealth and taxation: A survey. Journal of Economic Perspec