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Abstract
In the dynamic landscape of global finance, businesses face intricate challenges navigating international markets, necessitating robust risk management strategies. This explores the evolution of hedging as a crucial financial maneuver originating from the 20th-century financial upheavals. Hedging, strategically responding to market fluctuations, has transformed into a sophisticated risk management tool, requiring a nuanced understanding of market dynamics. It serves as a financial shield, particularly in the face of currency fluctuations and interest rate volatility for multinational corporations. The symbiotic relationship between theoretical underpinnings and practical application becomes evident as the narrative unfolds. The story emphasizes the complexities and challenges of financial markets, highlighting the need for strategic and proactive responses. The effectiveness of hedging is portrayed not as a one-size-fits-all solution but as a philosophy ingrained in decision-making processes for businesses operating globally. Real-world case studies dissect the successes and failures of companies employing hedging, bridging theory and application. Hedging is portrayed not as a static set of practices but as a dynamic philosophy adapting to technological advancements. The integration of sophisticated algorithms and artificial intelligence transforms risk management, enabling more precise, agile, and adaptive hedging approaches.
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References
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- Allayannis, G., & Ofek, E. (2001). Exchange rate exposure, hedging, and the use of foreign currency derivatives. Journal of International Money and Finance, 20(2), 273–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5606(00)00050-4
- Benninga, S., Eldor, R., & Zilcha, I. (1985). Optimal international hedging in commodity and currency forward markets. Journal of International Money and Finance, 4(4), 537–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5606%2885%2990028-2
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- Black, F. (1995). Universal Hedging: Optimizing Currency Risk and Reward in International Equity Portfolios. Financial Analysts Journal, 51(1), 161–167. https://doi.org/10.2469/faj.v45.n4.16
- Boudoukh, J., Richardson, M., Thapar, A., & Wang, F. (2019). Optimal currency hedging for international equity portfolios. Financial Analysts Journal, 75(4), 65–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/0015198X.2019.1628556
- Chen, Z., Wang, T., & Mao, Y. (2022). Strategies of stakeholders to promote distributed photovoltaics in China: An evolutionary game study. Energy Reports, 8, 11039–11051. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.08.007
- Ciorciari, J. D. (2019). The variable effectiveness of hedging strategies. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 19(3), 523–555. https://doi.org/10.1093/irap/lcz007
- Dales, A., & Meese, R. (2001). Strategic currency hedging. Journal of Asset Management, 2(1), 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jam.2240031
- Filatov, V. S., & Rappoport, P. (1992). Is Complete Hedging Optimal for International Bond Portfolios? Financial Analysts Journal, 48(4), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.2469/faj.v48.n4.37
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- Froot, K. A., & Stein, J. C. (1998). Risk management, capital budgeting, and capital structure policy for financial institutions: An integrated approach. Journal of Financial Economics, 47(1), 55–82. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-405X(97)00037-8
- Froot, K. A., Scharfstein, D. S., & Stein, J. C. (1993). Risk Management: Coordinating Corporate Investment and Financing Policies. The Journal of Finance, 48(5), 1629–1658. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1993.tb05123.x
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- Huffman, S. P., & Makar, S. D. (2004). The effectiveness of currency-hedging techniques over multiple return horizons for foreign-denominated debt issuers. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 14(2), 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mulfin.2003.07.001
- Hull, J., & White, A. (1987). Hedging the risks from writing foreign currency options. Journal of International Money and Finance, 6(2), 131–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5606(87)90029-5
- Koulis, A., Kaimakamis, G., & Beneki, C. (2018). Hedging effectiveness for international index futures markets. Economics and Business, 32(1), 149–159. https://doi.org/10.2478/eb-2018-0012
- Kritzman, M. (2000). Currency Hedging and the Risk of Loss. The Journal of Alternative Investments, 3(3), 27– https://doi.org/32. 10.3905/jai.2000.318963
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- Lel, U. (2006). Currency Hedging and Corporate Governance: A Cross-country Analysis. International Finance Discussion Paper, 2006(858), 1–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2011.12.002
- Maurer, R., & Valiani, S. (2003). Hedging the Exchange Rate Risk in International Portfolio Diversification: Currency Forwards versus Currency Options. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.499363
- Maurer, R., & Valiani, S. (2007). Hedging the exchange rate risk in international portfolio diversification. Managerial Finance, 33(9), 667–692. https://doi.org/10.1108/03074350710776235
- Moosa, I. A. (2004). Is there a need for hedging exposure to foreign exchange risk? Applied Financial Economics, 14(4), 279–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/0960310042000201219
- Nzioka, O. M., & Maseki, F. M. (2017). Effects of Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk on Financial Performance of Non-Banking Companies Listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 13(10), 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n10p402
- Otero González, L., Durán Santomil, P., & Tamayo Herrera, A. (2020). The effect of Enterprise Risk Management on the risk and the performance of Spanish listed companies. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 26(3), 111–120. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2020.08.002
- Stulz, R. M. (1984). Optimal Hedging Policies. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 19(2), 127–140. https://doi.org/DOI:10.2307/2330894
- Topaloglou, N., Vladimirou, H., & Zenios, S. A. (2002). CVaR models with selective hedging for international asset allocation. Journal of Banking & Finance, 26(7), 1535–1561.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4266(02)00289-3
- Wu, H., Yang, M., & Gu, J. (2021). Are zombie firms more incentivized to financialize? China Journal of Accounting Research, 100199. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjar.2021.05.003
References
Allayannis, G., & Ofek, E. (2001). Exchange rate exposure, hedging, and the use of foreign currency derivatives. Journal of International Money and Finance, 20(2), 273–296. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5606(00)00050-4
Allayannis, G., & Ofek, E. (2001). Exchange rate exposure, hedging, and the use of foreign currency derivatives. Journal of International Money and Finance, 20(2), 273–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5606(00)00050-4
Benninga, S., Eldor, R., & Zilcha, I. (1985). Optimal international hedging in commodity and currency forward markets. Journal of International Money and Finance, 4(4), 537–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5606%2885%2990028-2
Black, F. (1989). Universal hedging: Optimizing currency risk and reward in international equity portfolios. Financial Analysts Journal, 45(4), 16–22. https://doi.org/10.2469/faj.v45.n4.16
Black, F. (1995). Universal Hedging: Optimizing Currency Risk and Reward in International Equity Portfolios. Financial Analysts Journal, 51(1), 161–167. https://doi.org/10.2469/faj.v45.n4.16
Boudoukh, J., Richardson, M., Thapar, A., & Wang, F. (2019). Optimal currency hedging for international equity portfolios. Financial Analysts Journal, 75(4), 65–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/0015198X.2019.1628556
Chen, Z., Wang, T., & Mao, Y. (2022). Strategies of stakeholders to promote distributed photovoltaics in China: An evolutionary game study. Energy Reports, 8, 11039–11051. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.08.007
Ciorciari, J. D. (2019). The variable effectiveness of hedging strategies. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 19(3), 523–555. https://doi.org/10.1093/irap/lcz007
Dales, A., & Meese, R. (2001). Strategic currency hedging. Journal of Asset Management, 2(1), 9–21. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jam.2240031
Filatov, V. S., & Rappoport, P. (1992). Is Complete Hedging Optimal for International Bond Portfolios? Financial Analysts Journal, 48(4), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.2469/faj.v48.n4.37
Francis, B., Hasan, I., & Hunter, D. (2008). Can hedging tell the full story? Reconciling differences in United States aggregate- and industry-level exchange rate risk premium. Journal of Financial Economics, 90(2), 169–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2007.10.007
Froot, K. A., & Stein, J. C. (1998). Risk management, capital budgeting, and capital structure policy for financial institutions: An integrated approach. Journal of Financial Economics, 47(1), 55–82. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-405X(97)00037-8
Froot, K. A., Scharfstein, D. S., & Stein, J. C. (1993). Risk Management: Coordinating Corporate Investment and Financing Policies. The Journal of Finance, 48(5), 1629–1658. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1993.tb05123.x
Glen, J., & Jorion, P. (1993). Currency hedging for international portfolios. The Journal of Finance, 48(5), 1865–1886. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1993.tb05131.x
Huffman, S. P., & Makar, S. D. (2004). The effectiveness of currency-hedging techniques over multiple return horizons for foreign-denominated debt issuers. Journal of Multinational Financial Management, 14(2), 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mulfin.2003.07.001
Hull, J., & White, A. (1987). Hedging the risks from writing foreign currency options. Journal of International Money and Finance, 6(2), 131–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5606(87)90029-5
Koulis, A., Kaimakamis, G., & Beneki, C. (2018). Hedging effectiveness for international index futures markets. Economics and Business, 32(1), 149–159. https://doi.org/10.2478/eb-2018-0012
Kritzman, M. (2000). Currency Hedging and the Risk of Loss. The Journal of Alternative Investments, 3(3), 27– https://doi.org/32. 10.3905/jai.2000.318963
Lel, U. (2003). Currency Risk Management, Corporate Governance, and Financial Market Development. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.391883
Lel, U. (2006). Currency Hedging and Corporate Governance: A Cross-country Analysis. International Finance Discussion Paper, 2006(858), 1–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2011.12.002
Maurer, R., & Valiani, S. (2003). Hedging the Exchange Rate Risk in International Portfolio Diversification: Currency Forwards versus Currency Options. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.499363
Maurer, R., & Valiani, S. (2007). Hedging the exchange rate risk in international portfolio diversification. Managerial Finance, 33(9), 667–692. https://doi.org/10.1108/03074350710776235
Moosa, I. A. (2004). Is there a need for hedging exposure to foreign exchange risk? Applied Financial Economics, 14(4), 279–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/0960310042000201219
Nzioka, O. M., & Maseki, F. M. (2017). Effects of Hedging Foreign Exchange Risk on Financial Performance of Non-Banking Companies Listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 13(10), 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n10p402
Otero González, L., Durán Santomil, P., & Tamayo Herrera, A. (2020). The effect of Enterprise Risk Management on the risk and the performance of Spanish listed companies. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 26(3), 111–120. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2020.08.002
Stulz, R. M. (1984). Optimal Hedging Policies. Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 19(2), 127–140. https://doi.org/DOI:10.2307/2330894
Topaloglou, N., Vladimirou, H., & Zenios, S. A. (2002). CVaR models with selective hedging for international asset allocation. Journal of Banking & Finance, 26(7), 1535–1561.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4266(02)00289-3
Wu, H., Yang, M., & Gu, J. (2021). Are zombie firms more incentivized to financialize? China Journal of Accounting Research, 100199. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjar.2021.05.003