The Effect of Training and Work Environment on Employee Performance with Competence as an Intervening Variable A Study of Employees in the Concentrating Division of PT Freeport Indonesia, Tembagapura
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study examines the effects of Training and Work Environment on Employee Performance, with Competence as an intervening variable among employees of the Concentrating Division of PT Freeport Indonesia, Tembagapura. This study employs a quantitative approach with an explanatory research design. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to employees, supported by Mandatory Training records and Key Performance Indicator (KPI) data. The population consisted of 550 employees, with a sample of 127 respondents selected using Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling. Data were analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS. The results show that Training has a positive and significant effect on Employee Performance and Competence. Work Environment has a positive and significant effect on Employee Performance but a positive and non-significant effect on Competence. Competence has a positive and significant effect on Employee Performance. Furthermore, Training has a positive and significant indirect effect on Employee Performance through Competence, whereas the indirect effect of Work Environment on Employee Performance through Competence is positive but non-significant. The findings indicate that Training and Competence are important factors associated with Employee Performance, while Competence significantly mediates the relationship between Training and Employee Performance but does not significantly mediate the relationship between Work Environment and Employee Performance.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Abdillah, A., Widianingsih, I., Buchari, R. A., & Nurasa, H. (2024). The knowledge-creating company: How Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation. Learning: Research and Practice, 10(1), 121–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/23735082.2023.2272611
Aguinis, H. (2023). Performance management (5th ed.). Chicago Business Press.
Aguinis, H., & Kraiger, K. (2008). Benefits of Training and Development for Individuals and Teams, Organizations, and Society. Annual Review of Psychology, 60(1), 451–474. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163505
Ainanur, A., & Tirtayasa, S. (2018). The Effect of Organizational Culture, Competence and Motivation on Employee Performance. Maneggio: Scientific Journal of Master of Management, 1(1), 1–14.
Armstrong, M. (2014). Armstrong's Hanbook of Human Resource Management Practice (13th ed.). London: Kogan Page.
Armstrong, M. (2023). Performance Management (16th ed.). Kogan Page Publishers.
Asmini, A., Nur Alam, A. R., & Putri, A. (2022). Analisis Pengaruh Kompetensi Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Pada PT. Telkom Akses Area Soppeng. Jurnal Ilmiah Metansi (Manajemen Dan Akuntansi), 5(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.57093/metansi.v5i1.151
Bakker, A. B., & Demerouti, E. (2017). Job Demands – Resources Theory : Taking Stock and Looking Forward. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology.
Barney, J. (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, 17(1). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700108
Becker, G. S. (1993). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education (3rd ed.). University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226041223.001.0001
Bernardin, H. J., & Russell, J. E. A. (2013). Human resource management: An experiential approach. McGraw-Hill.
Campion, M., Schepker, D., Campion, M., & Sanchez, J. (2019). Competency modeling: A theoretical and empirical examination of the strategy dissemination process. Human Resource Management, 59, 291–306. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21994
Chin, W., & Marcoulides, G. (1998). The Partial Least Squares Approach to Structural Equation Modeling. Modern Methods for Business Research, 8.
Daskan, A., & Yildiz, Y. (2020). Blended Learning: A Potential Approach to Promote Learning Outcomes. International Journal of Social Sciences and Educational Studies, 7, 103–108. https://doi.org/10.23918/ijsses.v7i4p103
Dessler. (2006). Human Resource Management (14th ed.). Pearson Education.
Dessler, G. (2017). Human Resource Management (15th ed.). Pearson PrenticeHall.
Fahrozi, R., Sabaruddin, R., Ilham, D., Ferdinand, N., & Hasan, S. S. El. (2022). Pengaruh Pelatihan Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Pada PT Sarana Media Transindo di Jakarta. Jurnal Tadbir Peradaban, 2(1), 73–79. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.55182/jtp.v2i1.106
Griffin, M. A., Neal, A., & Parker, S. K. (2007). A New Model of Wor Role Performance: Positive Behavior in Uncertain and Independent Contex. Academy OfManagement Journal, 50(2), 327–347.
Hair, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) (3rd ed.). Sage.
Henseler, J., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A New Criterion for Assessing Discriminant Validity in Variance-based Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43, 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. B. (1959). The Motivation to Work. John Wiley & Sons.
Indriyani, R., & Dewi, M. (2020). Pengaruh Lingkungan Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Melalui Kompetensi Sdm Sebagai Variabel Intervening Pada Ukm Keripik Tempe Malang. Jurnal Manajemen Perhotelan, 6(2), 53–61. https://doi.org/10.9744/jmp.6.2.53-61
Ismail, Y. R., & Maulida, Y. (2020). Pengaruh pelatihan dan lingkungan kerja terhadap kompetensi dan dampaknya pada kinerja guru sma negeri kota pekanbaru. Jurnal Tepak Manajemen Bisnis, 12(2), 397–407.
Kahphi, H. S., Khurosaini, A., & Suhendra, I. (2017). Pengaruh Pelatihan dan Motivasi Berprestasi Terhadap Kinerja Pegawai Dengan Kompetensi Sebagai Variabel Intervening. Jurnal Riset Bisnis Dan Manajemen Tirtayasa (JRBMT), 1(1), 1–10.
Kim, Joonyoung, Chang, Huikun, & Bell, Bradford S. (2026). Organizational-Level Training and Performance: A Meta-Analytic Investigation. Journal of Management, 52(5), 1772–1809. https://doi.org/10.1177/01492063251327588
Kirpatrick, W., & Kirpatrick, J. D. (2016). Kirkpatrick’s Four Levels of Training Evaluation. ATD Press.
Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiental learning:Experiences as the source of learning and development. Prentice-Hall.
Lacerenza, C. N., Reyes, D. L., Marlow, S. L., Joseph, D. L., & Salas, E. (2017). Leadership Training Design, Delivery, and Implementation: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102, 1686–1718. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10729809
Maley, J. F. (2024). Operationalising employee capabilities post pandemic crisis : a sustainable HR approach. Review of Managerial Science, 18(12), 3575–3596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-024-00726-4
Mehner, L., Rothenbusch, S., & Kauffeld, S. (2025). How to maximize the impact of workplace training: a mixed-method analysis of social support, training transfer and knowledge sharing. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 34(2), 201–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2024.2319082
Napi, W., Asi, L. L., Monoarfa, V., Gorontalo, U. N., Gorontalo, U. N., & Gorontalo, U. N. (2025). Pengaruh Pelatihan terhadap Kompetensi Pegawai pada Kantor Sekretariat Daerah Kota Gorontalo. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Dan Bisnis, 8(2), 259–270.
Ni Kadek Suryani, Delyana Rahmawany Pulungan, Itot Bian Raharjo, Yamolala Zega, & Muhammad Syafri. (2025). Analisis Dampak Pelatihan dan Pengembangan, Kepuasan Kerja, dan Komitmen Organisasional terhadap Kinerja Karyawan. El-Mal: Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi & Bisnis Islam, 6(1), 824–835. https://doi.org/10.47467/elmal.v6i1.6758
Ningsi, J. A., & Suryalena. (2024). Pengaruh Lingkungan Kerja dan Kompetensi terhadap Kinerja Karyawan pada PT. PLN (Persero) UPDK Pekanbaru. Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis, 10(3), 462–471. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.35446/dayasaing.v10i3.1894
Noe, R. A. (2021). Employee Training and Development (8th ed.). NY: McGraw Hill Education.
Pangaribuan, D., & Sihombing, P. R. (2022). The Effect of Competence on Employee Performance Mediated on Job Satisfaction (Case Study; Ministry of Finance PPSDM Employee). Economit Journal: Scientific Journal of Accountancy, Management and Finance, 1(4), 203–211. https://doi.org/10.33258/economit.v1i4.586
Pradani, A. E., & Utomo, S. S. (2025). Analisis Peran Lingkungan Kerja dalam Meningkatkan Hubungan Motivasi dengan Kinerja Karyawan Mitra PT Mulia Esa Catur Abadi. RIGGS: Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Business, 4(4), 777–785. https://doi.org/10.31004/riggs.v4i4.3443
Ramadhani, A. A. F., & Kuswinarno, M. (2024). Pengembangan Kompetensi Sumber Daya Manusia: Kunci Keberhasilan Organisasi Di Tengah Persaingan Global. Jurnal Media Akademik, 2(11). https://share.google/AMzvFNxMuWQr4blpC
Ridwan, M. (2023). Pengaruh Pelatihan Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Toko Mr Market. Jurnal ASIK: Jurnal Administrasi, Bisnis, Ilmu Manajemen & Kependidikan, 1(3), 1–8.
Robbins, S.P., & Judge, T.A. (2017). Organizational Behavior (17th ed.). Pearson Education.
Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2023). Organizational behavior (19th ed.). Pearson Education.
Rosmalinda, R., & Safrianto, A. S. (2021). Pengaruh Pelatihan Dan Pengembangan Karir Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Pt Interpak Global Canindo Bekasi. Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis Krisnadwipayana, 9(3). https://doi.org/10.35137/jmbk.v9i3.605
Sanjaya, V. F., & Febrian, W. D. (2024). Pengaruh Disiplin Kerja, Lingkungan Kerja Non Fisik dan Gaya Kepemimpinan Otoriter Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan (Studi Kasus Pada Koperasi Karyawan Cardig International Group). Jurnal Manajemen Dan Bisnis Madani. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:272214626
Santoso, S. (2014). Konsep dasar dan aplikasi SEM dengan AMOS 22. Elex Media Komputindo.
Sitorus, D. R. H., Agustian, D., Botha, H. H., & Wula, H. V. M. (2025). The Influence of Work Culture, Work Environment, and Work Discipline on Employee Performance. Society, 13(1), 439–451. https://doi.org/10.33019/society.v13i1.816
Spencer, L. M., & Spencer, S. M. (1993). Competence at Work: Models for Superior Performance. John Wiley & Sons. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:106425970
Sugiyono. (2022). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif, dan R&D (Empat). Alfabeta.
Tahir, M., & Samad, A. (2024). The Influence of Competence and Motivation on ASN Performance moderated by the Work Environment at the Makassar City Regional Financial and Asset Management Agency . YUME : Journal of Management, 7(2).
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509–533. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(199708)18:7%3C509::AID-SMJ882%3E3.0.CO;2-Z
Wibowo. (2016). Manajemen Kinerja. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.
Wisastra, P. I. Y., & Sagala, E. J. (2016). Pengaruh Pelatihan Terhadap Kompetensi Karyawan Pt. Len Industri (Persero) Bandung. Matrik : Jurnal Manajemen, Strategi Bisnis Dan Kewirausahaan, 10(2), 98. https://doi.org/10.24843/matrik:jmbk.2016.v10.i02.p01
Wulff, A. L., & Lassen, A. J. (2025). Capacity for Competence Development: Unlocking Potential for Lifelong Learning in Later Working Life. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 37(6), 1125–1146. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2024.2349492