Legal Politics of Sustainable Agricultural Empowerment in South Sulawesi for Community Welfare and Sustainable Development

: Conventional agriculture is considered to have a negative impact in the form of degradation and a decrease in soil fertility, reducing soil moisture, damaging ecosystems in the surrounding environment, causing erosion, and causing severe problems with consumer health problems. This prompted the Provincial Government of Sulawesi to determine the answer through official state policies. The method used is normative-empirical with a conceptual approach and legislation, focusing on examining primary data obtained through interview techniques and secondary data consisting of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. The data is classified and analyzed descriptively and exploratory. The results of the study show that the government in formulating policies is carried out by developing regional regulations on organic farming systems that contain norms, including first, planning and implementation; second, organic agricultural production facilities; third, organic farming; fourth, facilitating the marketing of organic farm products; fifth, certification, and labeling;


INTRODUCTION
In the regional context, despite the contractionary economic conditions of South Sulawesi, with various potentials in the agricultural sector, it can significantly contribute to the creation of Gross Regional Domestic Product (PDRB) of 21.28%, or around 107.42 trillion of the added value of South Sulawesi (BPS, 2020).If it is correlated with regional autonomy, the provincial government is entrusted with the authority to manage the region to provide prosperity to the people.So, local governments need to play a role in carrying out development as a multidimensional endeavor in all aspects of life for the welfare of the people (Mohammad Teja, 2015).Therefore, one of the South Sulawesi government's efforts in development is optimizing the potential of the agricultural sector to create food security and support a robust economic structure, as well as increasing foreign exchange for the country, especially export-oriented leading commodities, showing the urgency of development in this sector to continue to increase productivity.One of the essential things for the government in optimizing the agricultural sector is adapting to developments in the farming sector.One of the current focuses on agriculture is shifting the agricultural orientation pendulum, focusing on increasing product productivity and paying attention to the balance of nature, quality, and product safety (Rivai and Anugrah, 2011).
The shift in the pendulum focus of agriculture is a reflection of criticism of conventional agriculture, which is considered to have a negative impact in the form of degradation and decrease in soil fertility, reducing soil moisture, damaging ecosystems in the surrounding environment, causing erosion, to severe problems in consumer health disorders (Fauzia Imani et al., 2018).; Yuriansyah et al., 2020).The negative impact caused by conventional farming methods, when correlated with constitutional rights guaranteed in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, can violate the right to a healthy environment.In addition to efforts to prevent the adverse effects of conventional farming systems, adaptation to sustainable farming systems is also a change in the lifestyle and perspective of the Indonesian people towards agricultural products that are increasingly concerned about the nutritional value, taste, and safety of products that can increase the prospects of organic farming in the future.This is confirmed through research conducted that the total household expenditure on buying organic products with permanent consumers is 7.92%, and 56.60% is not fixed for reasons of health and environmental aspects.In particular, data related to millennial consumers are presented who are quickly aware of the organic farming system (Organis Institute, 2020).This phenomenon is related to market (economic) opportunities for organic agricultural products.However, one of the things that become a challenge to adapt to sustainable agriculture, as echoed by Charina et al., is that it takes an effort to adjust to innovation; At the same time, for farmers to adopt is not easy; several factors affect the knowledge, attitudes, skills, and perceptions of farmers about organic farming systems through a learning process (Anne Charina et al., 2018).This description shows the critical role of the government in supporting the achievement of the objectives of the organic farming system.Based on the background of the problem, the formulation of the situation in this study is how the legal politics of sustainable agriculture in South Sulawesi should be to achieve sustainable development goals.

Legal Politics of Sustainable Agriculture in South Sulawesi as an Effort to Achieve Sustainable Development Goals
Legal politics defined the state's official line (policy) regarding the law that will be enacted either by making new laws or by replacing old rules to achieve the state's goals.Concerning the study of legal politics in this research, it is relevant to one of the scopes of the study of legal politics proposed by Mahfud, namely examining state policies (official lines) regarding laws that are enacted or not enforced to achieve state goals.Regarding the state policy referred to in this study, namely the policy regulating the organic farming system in South Sulawesi, the formulation effort is carried out in the manner commonly used in the formation of legislation.It is understood that choosing a new attempt in one way or another includes efforts to change the application of conventional farming systems to organic farming systems, of course, starting with a solid footing (N.Rachma and Hamad Syaekhul Umam, 2020).The efforts of the South Sulawesi provincial government to produce legal politics or official state policy lines are preceded by a juridical examination of the authority of the local government to manage agricultural affairs, specifically the organic farming system.It is understood that based on Article 18 paragraph (6) of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia adheres to the principle of autonomy and co-administration (Uniting Dwi Hananto, 2011); based on the mandate of the article, regional governments have the right to stipulate regional regulations and other regulations to implement autonomy and assistance task.In the course of Indonesia, several official state policies have been born in the form of laws and regulations as derivative rules to carry out autonomy and assistance tasks.A review of the rules brings us to Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government as amended to Law Number 9 of 2015 concerning the Second Amendment to Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government.
Related to the legal politics of the organic farming system, in the regional government law, two articles are the focus of the provincial government of South Sulawesi Province, namely the article that gives the authority to form regional regulations and the article that authorizes agricultural affairs.The authority to form regional regulations is identified in Article 236.The provincial government includes a regional law, the Regional People's Representative Council, and the Regional Head to carry out regional autonomy and assistance tasks.As for the content that can be regulated in regional regulations regarding the implementation of regional autonomy and co-administration tasks, elaboration of higher laws and regulations, as well as containing local content material (Article 236 paragraphs (3) and ( 4)).In a unitary state, governance can be carried out in a decentralized and centralized manner.
If you read the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, it can be understood that Indonesia is a unitary state-run in a decentralized way.The administration of a unitary state government with the principle of decentralization requires the "release" of authority from central government organs to local governments (Husin Ilyas, 2011).As described above, it is presented that the relinquishment of the authority of central organs to regional governments is carried out through the law on the provincial government.The law on regional government recognizes several affairs, including whole experiences, as of affairs that the central government wholly owns, including monetary, defense, security, judicial, and foreign affairs (Dian Agung Wicaksono, 2015).Besides that, several experiences are also known, including government affairs.Options are government affairs that local governments must carry out, including agricultural matters (Article 12 paragraph (3).Concerning agricultural affairs, several important issues need to be photographed to formulate official state policies, including decreasing agricultural land productivity due to excessive use of artificial production facilities (fertilizers and pesticides).In addition, there is a fear in the consumer community toward (conventional) agricultural products loaded with pesticide residues (I Wayan Supartha and Ni Luh Kartini, 2016).Agricultural development is still facing problems, including environmental pollution, low quality of plant materials, low productivity of plants, attacks by plant pest organisms (OPT), and pesticide residues on agricultural products (I Wayan Laba, Dono Wahyunu, and Molide Rizal, 2014).
The disclosure of agricultural conditions implies the importance of formulating concepts related to mitigating agrarian states.The idea that was agreed upon today is an alternative farming system that can produce quantity and quality of health products sustainably.One of these systems is an organic farming system whose production process is based on organic components as an agricultural concept that considers environmental sustainability, health, and sustainable development in the farming sector (Mahra Arari Heryanto et al., 2016).The sustainable farming system itself can be interpreted as a process that focuses on developing holistic, environmentally friendly, and sound farming systems for the community.Besides that, several models of farming systems are often found in Indonesia, one of which is organic farming (Dadi, 2021).Organic farming has basic principles, including: (1) keeping the ecosystem healthy; (2) the application of the principle of efficiency in the cultivation system; (3) carrying out production activities with the concept of sustainable agriculture; (4) producing pesticide-free products, and (6) preserve the environment (Yuriansyah et al., 2020).Organic agriculture has grown at the national and global levels (Tri Bastuti and FN Sunarsih, 2019).In response to this, the government has issued a policy through Law Number 22 of 2019 concerning Sustainable Agricultural Cultivation Systems, a new law to revoke and replace Law Number 12 of 1992 concerning Plant Cultivation Systems.
The law emphasizes that the Sustainable Agricultural Cultivation System aims to increase and expand the diversification of agricultural products to meet the needs of food, clothing, shelter, health, domestic industry, increase exports, increase farmers' income and standard of living, and encourage expansion.And equal distribution of business and employment opportunities.The explanation of Law Number 22 of 2019 concerning the Sustainable Agricultural Cultivation System says that the Sustainable Agricultural Cultivation System as part of Agriculture is essentially the management of living natural resources in producing agricultural commodities to meet human needs preserving sustainability, a better and sustainable environment.The new perspective promoted by Law Number 22 of 2019 concerning the Sustainable Agricultural Cultivation System is that the Sustainable Agricultural Cultivation System, in principle, is an agricultural management paradigm that integrates four elements, namely environmental, social, cultural, and economic aspects so that the benefits of agriculture can be enjoyed sustainably for long time.Through the law, the role of local government is reaffirmed through the formulation of norms that the achievement of the objectives of implementing a sustainable agricultural cultivation system is carried out by rural cultivation planning based on the respective authorities of both the central and regional (provincial) governments (Article 5).In the preparation of planning, matters that must be regulated include human resources; natural resources; facilities and infrastructure; production targets; agricultural cultivation area; financing, guarantee, and investment; identification of market problems; research and development of science and technology; identification of national and local superior commodities; and aquaculture production based on national interests (Article 6).
Postulated in the description above, it appears that the provincial government is the official organ to organize agricultural affairs in general and sustainable agriculture in particular.Supported by various arguments that emphasize the importance of shifting agricultural methods with different considerations or theoretical support.Furthermore, to provide legitimacy for the formulation of sustainable agricultural law politics, sociological considerations are needed as a basis consisting of facts that are the demands of community needs that encourage the need to make regional regulations by the South Sulawesi Provincial Government (Muhammad Suharjono, 2014).In this study, some data obtained through field studies are presented as follows: The description reflects a series of experimental processes and experiences resulting from discussions with several farmers, actors, and drivers of organic agriculture and farmers still applying synthetic chemical farming systems.This section will present several practical experiences and views of farmers in managing their agricultural businesses, especially several farmers who have implemented or are moving towards organic farming practices.Several farmers in South Sulawesi have implemented organic farming systems to cultivate vegetables, rice, and fruit crops or plantation crops.Based on the identification results, in South Sulawesi, there are several farmers spread across several districts who have initiated and developed an organic farming system; the following data were collected through several organic farming activists, namely: Source: Observations of empirical studies and experiences of organic systems activists.
Referring to the table above, the initiative for the development of organic agriculture in South Sulawesi is quite widespread.However, it is still tiny compared to farmers who persist in using conventional or non-organic farming systems.As for the district/city data that we have not presented in the table, it does not mean that there is no practice of organic farming systems in that area, but that there is limited time to search for data.From interaction through interviews and discussions with several farmers or the drivers of organic farming systems, several information based on experience was gathered.Efforts to collect information using the interview method were conducted face-to-face, through informal discussions with farmer groups, and via telephone.We asked several questions during the interview process, including why they are interested in farming using organic farming systems.This can be identified by tracing the initial traces of farmers starting to be interested in practicing organic agriculture.To these questions, various answers were obtained.
The answers include: based on the facilitation process from one institution, the phenomenon of the scarcity of chemical fertilizers that occurs almost every year, environmental conservation, health, and seeing market opportunities for organic products.It seems that interest in market opportunities is more of a motive for his actions to farm organically.An example of this can be seen when farmers are asked what makes them interested in organic farming.It's simple, "we see that vegetable products (organic agricultural products) are expensive and much sought after by consumers, but goods are not readily available" (Khaerul 32, a farmer from East Luwu).A similar view was expressed by Wahid, a farmer from Salassae Bulukumba "if the results are the same as using chemicals, but the rice is more expensive, why don't we just farm naturally."Efforts to photograph the practice of organic farming systems in South Sulawesi also include the challenges faced, as the description above shows various reasons for switching to organic farming systems.However, concerning the challenges faced by the farmers they have in common, an affirmation of the difficulties faced stated that switching is not an easy and smooth way to go.
The challenge of switching from conventional farming systems to organic farming systems is felt by farmers who cultivate vegetables, rice, corn, and perennials or fruits.The transition process generally faces challenges from the farmers themselves and their immediate environment, namely their families, especially the farmers themselves.They are still unsure or not sure whether, without using chemical fertilizers and pesticides, their agricultural business can produce.The same doubts also occur in their family circle.The second challenge is knowledge and technology.The consequences of the technology shift must be followed by new knowledge and skills.So far, the process of transforming knowledge and skills in organic farming has not run massively.Third, it is argued that implementing an organic farming system requires perseverance, hard work, and innovation.Meanwhile, conventional farming that has been practiced offers efficiency and a fast-paced process.Another challenge is that local government support is still minimal, especially on access to knowledge and technology and market guarantees for their agricultural products.After going through various challenges and developing an organic farming system, currently, Khaerul and Wahid share a lot of knowledge with other farmers, especially from their experience and benefits from their farming business.The experience of these two farmers is not much different from the experience of other organic farmers.Karl is more focused on growing vegetables, and Wahid concentrates on rice and raising several cows to support compost production.The vegetables produced by Khaerul are taken directly by the Canteen of PT.Vale three times a week.Thus, the guarantee of the market for agricultural products is compared to the initial pioneering around six years ago.The price received is also much more expensive than when they were still selling directly in the market.Likewise, what happened to Wahid?The rice produced was bought now by his organization and marketed directly to consumers in Makassar and Jakarta.The story from their experience is that many benefits can be felt directly as long as they practice an organic farming system, which can be seen in Table 2 below:  The yield is relatively higher, but production costs are also higher and tend to decrease in the following growing season.
Lower yields (5-10 percent decrease at the start of the transition and will continue to increase in the following growing season.
Soil fertility is decreasing Soil fertility is getting better Agricultural waste is burned and not used Agricultural waste is managed and returned to the land or used as animal feed Source: Processed from an empirical study of the practice of organic farmers.

Process, Input and Production Results
It doesn't look much different in terms of processes, inputs, and production outputs between farmers who have implemented organic farming systems and conventional farming.The most pronounced differences are usually only seen during the plant care process, especially when providing nutrition and controlling plant pests and diseases.But, according to the experience of farmers who have implemented organic farming systems, the initial process can be observed in inland cultivation.This process has started.You can see the difference as shown in the following table 3: Source: Processed from an empirical study of farmer practices in organic systems.
As in the table above, the treatments each have advantages and disadvantages.The utilization of agricultural waste by being stocked or buried in the soil will enrich microorganisms and, on the contrary, will reduce the population if burned or sprayed using herbicides.Differences also occur in cropping patterns in vegetables, rice, and fruit crops.The rituals and practices practiced by rice farmers in Barua Village can be seen in Table 4 below:  Table 4 shows that the application of an organic farming system reduces production costs, especially the number of seeds needed and the source of seeds obtained.Organic farmers can select and breed seeds, while conventional farmers depend on availability in the market.Likewise, in planting, organic farmers tend to take more care of the traditions and values of local wisdom.Meanwhile, conventional farmers, especially farmers in Salenrang Village, Maros Regency, use planting labor.The cost of growing rice for one hectare of rice fields is around 1.5 to three million rupiah.This cost is for producing labor wages and does not include consumption prepared by the farmers who own the domains.Thus, there is a significant difference in costs incurred by non-organic farmers compared to organic farmers in the planting process.The phase of plant growth with the patterns and practices mentioned above turns out that the difference is also not seen as significant as is often told so far.The results of a comparison made by Darwis, a farmer in Salenrang Village, showed that the fruit ripening process took place equally at the age of 75 days after planting (DAT).The main difference is that rice plants using organic systems (figure 2a) are greener than chemical fertilizers (figure 2b.).Even in the measurement (using micro-scales), the fruit in one panicle taken at random did not show a significant difference in results.Comparison of measurement results using micro scales from the application of organic farming systems and conventional farming: The same thing also happened to the land of Amir (45 years old), a rice farmer in Toraja land who uses compost and pest control using vegetable pesticides.Rice plants look more fertile with up to twenty to thirty tillers.Rice from organic treatment looks whiter and clearer as in pictures three and four; cultivating vegetables and fruit plants can also be identified differences in medicine and the impact of the results of these treatments.Less vitamins and minerals and Most likely to be contaminated or have pesticide residues that are not easy to clean with water.Source: Processed from interviews with farmers and organic farming system activists In general, the whole process and stages of the application of these two agricultural systems will have a social, economic and ecosystem impact.Some of the impacts that are being discussed by organic agriculture movers are as shown in table 7 below:  Source: Processed from interviews with farmers and organic farming system activists Based on the experience of several farmers who have practiced organic farming systems, several things can be input and noted for managing the agricultural system in South Sulawesi, especially if they want to switch to an organic farming system.Some things that can be recommended are: nThe local government must make a road map and map the potential for developing organic agriculture.Furthermore, it must ensure access to organic farming knowledge and technology in field schools, assistance involving CSOs or organic farming, or environmental consultants.The government must facilitate the mechanization of appropriate technology to streamline the technical work of organic farming.Local governments need to intervene and reorganize the management of farmer groups, especially in managing assets and technological tools owned by farmer groups.Many agencies/technology that the government has provided are not used properly, while many farmers have difficulty getting these tools.The government must create a market chain model for organic agricultural products.The South Sulawesi Provincial Regulation concerning the Organic Agriculture System was established to be a guideline for the Regional Government in growing, developing, and optimizing the implementation of an organic farming system to fulfill citizens' rights to health and environmental rights.
The objectives of the establishment of the regional regulations are as a guide for the provincial government to: realize the independence and resilience of organic agricultural products; ensure the availability of organic farm products; provide certainty to the public on the circulation of organic agricultural products that meet the standards of organic farm products; build an organic farming system whose products can be trusted; guarantee the protection of organic farmers; increase the number of farmers and organic farming land; increase the prosperity and welfare of farmers who produce organic agricultural products; provide business certainty for producers of organic farm products; increasing access to productive resources and broader markets; facilitate the acquisition of certification of products in order to have added value and a better bargaining position; regulate the supervision of organic agricultural products; increase the competitiveness of organic farm products; and developing organic wetland and dryland farming systems in the region.To implement these regional regulations, the government needs to formulate norms containing the authority of the relevant agencies to plan and implement organic farming systems so that the direction of implementation and control is always based on the development of organic farming systems and carried out by the government.Therefore, for implementing an organic farming system in South Sulawesi Province.Thus, through regional regulations, the government shall formulate norms regarding providing organic agricultural production facilities based on annual needs by controlling, fostering, and supervising the organic farming system.As the postulates described in the previous section stated, organic farming systems are organized by increasing the biodiversity in the whole system, increasing biological activity, maintaining long-term solid fertility, and recycling agricultural and animal wastes to return nutrients to the soil.This leads us to reach a consensus that in the legal politics of the organic farming system, it is necessary to agree on an affirmation of the procedure for organic implementation through the formulation of articles containing organic farming cultivation.The article contains organic farming cultivation; in addition to regulating the norms for the implementation of organic agriculture as described in the paragraph above, it is also essential to add to the formulation of standards that the performance of an organic farming system can use renewable resources in a local farming system, using land, water, and air.Healthy, minimize all forms of pollution and develop and promote the use of technology in agriculture.
Furthermore, dealing with agricultural products emphasizes careful processing methods to maintain product quality and quality at all stages and highlights each existing farming business according to specific factors.Apart from those mentioned above, organic farming systems are also primarily determined by reducing the use of inorganic and GMO fertilizers.In its implementation, it is carried out in stages, following applicable regulations and the completion of the Operating Standards (SOP) used.To encourage farmers to shift from conventional methods to organic farming systems, if it is correlated with the results of interviews, one of the guarantees that must be conveyed to farmers through official government policies is a guarantee of facilitating the marketing of organic agricultural products.This effort can be carried out by formulating articles containing warranties of facilitation through the provision of places, sales, and traditional or modern developments.In addition, local governments also facilitate distribution, market access, and product promotion both regionally, nationally, and internationally.Organic agricultural products that are marketed based on the provisions of higher laws and regulations or the footing norms for the formation of regional rules on organic farming systems confirm that there is a guarantee that a product is produced using organic farming system cultivation procedures through the provision of certification labeling.However, it is essential to understand that labeling can be done after going through the certification process; the certification process often faces a classic problem, namely costs, as revealed through interviews.Thus, to overcome these problems, the government needs to formulate norms containing the government's facilitation of certification and labeling.Given that the condition of the organic farming system in South Sulawesi is still in the category, which is far from what is expected by the government.The government's efforts to encourage farmers to transform farming methods are pursued by awarding incentives to business units that implement organic farming systems.Awards can also be from production facilities assistance, subsidies, access to information and technology, certification, and insurance assistance.So that the process of implementing this organic farming system, starting from planning, implementing, developing, financing, controlling, fostering, and supervising, can run according to needs and what is expected.The government must provide space for the community to be involved in a series of implementing organic farming systems through the formulation of norms containing guarantees of community participation.
Shifting the practice of community farming with very different methods emphasizes the importance of the government's role in guiding the granting of authority to the relevant agencies to coordinate, socialize, guide supervision, and provide counseling, dissemination, and information on organic farming systems.Government guarantees for implementing organic farming systems in South Sulawesi Province will be challenging to achieve if accompanied by supervision.As postulated by experts that one of the efforts to control and measure every function that is carried out the effort that must be made is to include a supervisory system; it is postulated that supervision is a process of activities that compare what is carried out, carried out or carried out from what is planned (La Ode Husen, 2019).Based on the nature or form of supervision, it can be categorized into two (Endang Hartini, 2013): first, preventive maintenance, where management is carried out before implementing an activity.The purpose of the supervision is to prevent deviations from the activity plan that has been prepared; besides that, the objective is also to provide guidelines so that the implementation of activities can run effectively and efficiently.Second is repressive supervision, where management is carried out after the performance of the planned activities.In the context of implementing an organic farming system in South Sulawesi, it will be directed to carry out preventive and repressive supervision.Supervision in the implementation of this organic farming system can be carried out by LSOs, and the Competent authority for organic food-related to the technical manufacture of organic fertilizers, manufacture of vegetable pesticides, specialized cultivation of organic farming resources, harvest and post-harvest handling and management and marketing of organic agricultural products.Of the various kinds of authority formulated in the policy for implementing the organic farming system from upstream to downstream as described above, it will only become law in the books if a financing policy does not accompany it.Therefore, to ensure the implementation of organic farming policies, the government must agree on formulating a norm in the draft regional regulations which confirm the performance of the organic farming system, whose financing is borne by the State Revenue and Expenditure Budget, Provincial and Regency Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budgets.

Conclusion
Based on the law on regional government, the provincial government of South Sulawesi has the authority to formulate legal politics or official state policies, forming regional regulations on organic farming systems.The matters that must be regulated in the policy at least include planning and implementation, organic agricultural production facilities, organic farming cultivation, facilitation of marketing organic agricultural products, certification and labeling, awards, community participation, guidance, supervision, and financing.The suggestions that can be given are to produce policy formulations following developments, and the government can conduct comparative studies in other regions that have previously developed and implemented policies on organic farming systems.
planning management yet, following instructions from the group and PPL Start planning by referring to the seasonal calendar The work is completed faster, the time on the land is shorter Longer work, longer time on the field Fertilizer and pesticide costs are very high and there are often shortages when they are needed The cost of making compost and nutrition is much cheaper because the raw materials are available around the farm Faster yields and crop changes Slower yield and crop change Conventional farming time After switching to Organic Farming Plants are more susceptible to drought, pests and diseases Plants are relatively more resistant Planting is carried out by means of a social gathering system (Gotong royong)Planting ProcessUsing paid labor (daily wages) an average of 100 thousand/day/per person Source: Processed from interviews with farmers and activists of the South Sulawesi organic farming system.

Table 1 :
Data on the Distribution of Organic Agriculture in South Sulawesi

Table 2 :
Practice Organic Farming System

Table 3 :
Processes in Organic Farming Systems

Table 4 :
Application of Conventional Agricultural System Practices with Organic Farming System

Table 5 :
Comparison of Measurements of Organic Farming Systems and Conventional Farming System

Table 6 :
Mapping of Observation Results of Organic and Organic Vegetables

Table 7 :
Comparison of Impacts of Conventional Agricultural Systems with Organic and Chemical Fertilizers

Table 8 :
Impact of using Organic Fertilizer and Chemical Fertilizer