Main Article Content
Abstract
This study aims to analyze the effect of profitability and cash holdings on income smoothing from an Islamic perspective in Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia from 2020 to 2023. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling with 10 Islamic commercial banks in Indonesia over 4 years. This study used a quantitative approach using logistic regression. The model testing uses the Hosmer and Lemeshow model goodness-of-fit test, the coefficient of determination test, and the partial and simultaneous significance tests. The study's results indicate that, partially, profitability and cash holdings do not influence income smoothing, as evidenced by the significance values of each variable being greater than 0.05. However, simultaneously, both variables influence income smoothing. From an Islamic perspective, the results of this study indicate that Islamic commercial banks are committed to the principles of transparency, honesty, and accountability in financial reporting. This study found no indication that Islamic bank management smokes income based on profitability or cash holdings. This study expands the literature on Islamic accounting by emphasizing the importance of ethical and responsible profit management and providing an overview of how Islamic principles are applied in current financial practices.
Keywords
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
- Abogun, S., & Adigbole, E. A. (2021). Income Smoothing And Firm Value In A Regulated Market : The Moderating Effect Of Market Risk Firm Value. February. Https://Doi.Org/10.1108/Ajar-08-2020-0072
- Afninofia, Haryati, R., & Putri, S. Y. A. (2023). Pengaruh Cash Holding, Ukuran Perusahaan, Dan Financial Leverage Terhadap Income Smoothing (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Properti Dan Real Estate Yang Terdaftar Di Bei Periode 2017 - 2019). Pareso Jurnal, 5(2), 89–106.
- Amalia Haniftian, & Dillak, V. J. (2020). Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Cash Holding, Dan Nilai Perusahaan Terhadap Perataan Laba. Jae (Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Ekonomi), 5(1), 88–98. Https://Doi.Org/10.29407/Jae.V5i1.14163
- Andini, F. P., & Agustina, H. (2020). Analisis Cash Holding, Profitabilitas, Value, Size, Leverage, Kepemilikan Manajerial Dan Kepemilikan Institusional Terhadap Income Smoothing Pada Perusahaan Pertambangan Yang Terdaftar Di Bei Tahun 2014-2018. National Conference For Ummah (NCU), 1(1).
- Angreini, V., & Nurhayati, I. (2022). Pengaruh Leverage, Profitabilitas, Size, Nilai Saham, Cash Holding, Dan Bonus Plan Terhadap Perataan Laba. Owner, 6(1), 123–135. Https://Doi.Org/10.33395/Owner. V6i1.539
- Assefa, B. T., Reidsma, P., Chamberlin, J., & Van Ittersum, M. K. (2021). Farm- And Community-Level Factors Underlying The Profitability Of Fertiliser Usage For Ethiopian Smallholder Farmers. Agrekon, 60(4), 460–479. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/03031853.2021.1984958
- Bala, H., Ahmad, W., Kathoon, G., & Karaye, A. B. (2022). Audit Firm Attributes And Income Smoothing: The Moderating Influence Of Audit Committee Accounting Expertise. Cogent Business And Management, 9(1). Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/23311975.2022.2127194
- El-Halaby, S., Abdelrasheed, H., & Hussainey, K. (2021). Corporate Cash Holdings And National Culture : Evidence From The Middle East And North Africa Region.
- Fadillah, S., & Luthan, E. (2023). Praktek Income Smoothing Ditinjau Dari Cash Holding, Bonus Plan, Kepemilikan Institusional Dan Profitabilitas. Jurnal Akademi Akuntansi, 6(3), 400–418. Https://Doi.Org/10.22219/Jaa.V6i3.28155
- Habib, A., Bhatti, M. I., & Khan, M. A. (2021). Cash Holding And Firm Value In The Presence Of Managerial Optimism.
- Haj-Salem, I. (2021). Risk Disclosure And Corporate Cash Holdings.
- Harianto, S., Amin, H. Al, & Indah, Y. (2020). Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan , Dan Leverange Terhadap Praktik Income Smoothing Pada Bank Syariah. 4(2), 80–88.
- Hendrastuti, R., & Harahap, R. F. (2023). Agency Theory: Review Of The Theory And Current Research. Jurnal Akuntansi Aktual, 10(1), 85. Https://Doi.Org/10.17977/Um004v10i12023p085
- Hilbe, J. M. (2019). Testing And Fitting A Logistic Model. In Practical Guide To Logistic Regression. Https://Doi.Org/10.1201/B18678-7
- Inayah, M., & Izzaty, K. N. (2021). The Influence Of Cash Holding, Profitability, And Institutional Ownership On Income Smoothing. International Journal Of Accounting, Taxation, And Business, 2(1), 51–67. Https://Journal.Unsika.Ac.Id/Index.Php/Ijatb
- Iskandar, R., Ramadhan, M. S., Mulyati, M., & Adhim, C. (2022). Income Smoothing Practices At Sharia Banks: An Overview In Islamic Business Ethics. Journal Of Business And Management Review, 3(3), 191–207. Https://Doi.Org/10.47153/Jbmr33.3112022
- Khairun Nisa, Atika, N. A. B. R. (2024). Pengaruh Profitabilitas Dan Solvabilitas Terhadap Income Smoothing Dengan Good Corporate Governance Sebagai Variabel Moderasi Pada Bank Umum Syariah Periode 2019-2021. 114–121.
- Lauren, A., & Nugroho, V. (2024). Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan, Nilai Perusahaan, Financial …. Jurnal Multiparadigma Akuntansi, Vi(2), 517–526. Https://Doi.Org/10.24912/Jpa.V6i2.29589
- Lenaini, I. (2021). Teknik Pengambilan Sampel Purposive Dan Snowball Sampling. Historis: Jurnal Kajian, Penelitian & Pengembangan Pendidikan Sejarah, 6(1), 33–39. Http://Journal.Ummat.Ac.Id/Index.Php/Historis
- Lestari, N., & Khomsatun, S. (2023). Unveiling The Impact Of Risk On Income Smoothing Of Indonesian Islamic Commercial Banks. 5(2), 195–206.
- Lim, C. Y., & Yong, K. O. (2020). Regulatory Pressure And Income Smoothing By Banks In Response To Anticipated Changes To The Basel II Accord. China Journal Of Accounting Research, 10(1), 9–32. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Cjar.2016.08.003
- Linda Santioso, C. (2020). Pengaruh Financial Leverage, Profitability, Dan Cash Holding Terhadap Income Smoothing. Jurnal Paradigma Akuntansi, 2(3), 1353. Https://Doi.Org/10.24912/Jpa.V2i3.9563
- Lufianda, P., & Syafri. (2023). Pengaruh Car , Npf , Fdr Dan Bopo Terhadap Profitabilitas Yang Terdaftar Di Ojk 2018-2022 ). 3(2), 3243–3254.
- M Aji, Fuad Hasyim, & Nida Kusuma Hameida. (2023). Panel Modelling To Analyze Financial Performance : Evidence On Islamic Commercial Bank In Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Perbankan Dan Keuangan Syariah, 5(2), 130–144. Https://Doi.Org/10.24239/Jipsya .V5i2.215.130-144
- Mangngalla, M., & Kartini. (2022). Accounting Profession Journal (Apaji), Vol. 4 No 1, Bulan Januari 2022. 4(1), 49–60.
- Mardian, S. (2022). Tingkat Kepatuhan Syariah Di Lembaga. 57–68.
- Mariska, U., Suhendar, S., & Nurmalia, G. (2025). The Effect Of Profitability, Liquidity, Firm Size, Net Working Capital, Leverage, And Growth Opportunity On Cash Holding. Golden Ratio Of Finance Management, 5(2), 279–296. Https://Doi.Org/10.52970/Grfm.V5i2.1125
- Marlina, L., & Samosir, D. K. B. M. (2022). Pengaruh Cash Holding , Profitabilitas Dan Kebijakan Dividen Terhadap Income Smoothing ( Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Sub Sektor Makanan Dan Minuman Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia ( Bei ) Tahun 2017-2021 ). Global Accounting: Jurnal Akuntansi, 1(3), 1–10. Https://Jurnal.Ubd.Ac.Id/Index.Php/Ga/Article/View/1709/1051
- Milasari, A., Sidoarjo, U. M., Maryanti, E., & Sidoarjo, U. M. (2024). Profitability, Financial Leverage, and Cash Holding. 10(2), 17–39.
- Musyafa, K. A., & Kholilah, K. (2023). Cash Holding, Financial Leverage, Profitability, Firm Size, Income Smoothing: Moderating Managerial Ownership. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 33(4), 1085. Https://Doi.Org/10.24843/Eja.2023.V33.I04.P15
- Mutinda, M. M. (2024). African Journal Of Commercial Factors Influencing Income Smoothing Practice Among Manufacturing Firms In Kenya. 4(3), 186–193. Https://Doi.Org/10.59413/Ajocs/V4.I3.2
- Nasrifah, M. (2022). Pengaruh Net Profit Margin , Return On Asset & Leverage Terhadap Income Smoothing Serta Dampaknya Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan.
- Octafilia, Y., Tinggi, S., & Ekonomi, I. (2020). Analysis Of Factors Influencing Income Smoothing Of Banking Balance : Journal Ilmiah Akuntansi. June.
- Owoeye, A. B. (2024). The Impact Of International Financial Reporting Standards On Corporate Governance, Board Size, And Income Smoothing In The Nigerian Financial Market. 07(03), 884–895. Https://Doi.Org/10.47191/Ijmra/V7-I03-05
- Pratami, N. D., Tubastuvi, N., & Innayah, M. N. (2024). The Moderating Role Of Good Corporate Governance On The Influence Of Company Size, Share Value, Profitability, And Financial Leverage On Income Smoothing ( Study Of Primary Consumer Goods Companies Listed On The Bei In 2020-2022 ). 3(1), 53–68.
- Rafiana, R. A. (2021). … Terhadap Agresivitas Pajak Perusahaan (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Sub Sektor Makanan Dan Minuman Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode Tahun …. 1(1), 1–19. Https://Repository-Feb.Unpak.Ac.Id/Home/Handle/123456789/3973%0ahttps://Repository-Feb.Unpak.Ac.Id/Home/Bitstream/Handle/123456789/3973/2021 Ratu Alfiyya Rafiana 022117163.Pdf?Sequence=1&Isallowed=Y
- Rahmaniar, & Fitrian Rizky. (2022). Pengaruh Profitabilitas Dan Cash Holding Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan. Hei Ema : Jurnal Riset Hukum, Ekonomi Islam, Ekonomi, Manajemen Dan Akuntansi, 1(2), 22–31. Https://Doi.Org/10.61393/Heiema.V1i2.69
- Renzi, A., Taragoni, P., & Vagnani, G. (2024). Corporate Net Income Smoothing: A Variance Decomposition Approach. Finance Research Letters, 69(Pa), 106041. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Frl.2024.106041
- Safira, R. V., & Mahardini, N. Y. (2022). Praktik Income Smoothing : Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Di Indonesia. 1(April), 45–59.
- Sarah, B., Febriani, F., & Fikri, M. A. (2023). Analysis Of Income Smoothing Practices In. 4(3), 1–19.
- Septyorini, D. D. W., & Sofie, S. (2022). Pengaruh Cash Holding, Income Tax Dan Kualitas Audit Terhadap Praktik Perataan Laba Pada Perusahaan Infrastruktur Yang Terdaftar Di Bei Tahun 2019-2021. Jurnal Ekonomi Trisakti, 2(2), 1641–1652. Https://Doi.Org/10.25105/Jet.V2i2.14997
- Shofiani, P. (N.D.). Analisis Income Smoothing Pada Perbankan Islam Negara-Negara Teluk Di Timur Tengah Prima Shofiani. 6(1).
- Skała, D. (2021). Loan Loss Provisions And Income Smoothing – Do Shareholders Matter? International Review Of Financial Analysis, 78. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Irfa.2021.101909
- Sugiyono. (2020). Metodologi Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif Dan R & D.
- Winanda, I. K., & Putra Astika, I. B. (2021). Nilai, Size, Profitabilitas Perusahaan Dan Praktik Perataan Laba. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 31(3), 562. Https://Doi.Org/10.24843/Eja.2021.V31.I03.P04
References
Abogun, S., & Adigbole, E. A. (2021). Income Smoothing And Firm Value In A Regulated Market : The Moderating Effect Of Market Risk Firm Value. February. Https://Doi.Org/10.1108/Ajar-08-2020-0072
Afninofia, Haryati, R., & Putri, S. Y. A. (2023). Pengaruh Cash Holding, Ukuran Perusahaan, Dan Financial Leverage Terhadap Income Smoothing (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Properti Dan Real Estate Yang Terdaftar Di Bei Periode 2017 - 2019). Pareso Jurnal, 5(2), 89–106.
Amalia Haniftian, & Dillak, V. J. (2020). Pengaruh Profitabilitas, Cash Holding, Dan Nilai Perusahaan Terhadap Perataan Laba. Jae (Jurnal Akuntansi Dan Ekonomi), 5(1), 88–98. Https://Doi.Org/10.29407/Jae.V5i1.14163
Andini, F. P., & Agustina, H. (2020). Analisis Cash Holding, Profitabilitas, Value, Size, Leverage, Kepemilikan Manajerial Dan Kepemilikan Institusional Terhadap Income Smoothing Pada Perusahaan Pertambangan Yang Terdaftar Di Bei Tahun 2014-2018. National Conference For Ummah (NCU), 1(1).
Angreini, V., & Nurhayati, I. (2022). Pengaruh Leverage, Profitabilitas, Size, Nilai Saham, Cash Holding, Dan Bonus Plan Terhadap Perataan Laba. Owner, 6(1), 123–135. Https://Doi.Org/10.33395/Owner. V6i1.539
Assefa, B. T., Reidsma, P., Chamberlin, J., & Van Ittersum, M. K. (2021). Farm- And Community-Level Factors Underlying The Profitability Of Fertiliser Usage For Ethiopian Smallholder Farmers. Agrekon, 60(4), 460–479. Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/03031853.2021.1984958
Bala, H., Ahmad, W., Kathoon, G., & Karaye, A. B. (2022). Audit Firm Attributes And Income Smoothing: The Moderating Influence Of Audit Committee Accounting Expertise. Cogent Business And Management, 9(1). Https://Doi.Org/10.1080/23311975.2022.2127194
El-Halaby, S., Abdelrasheed, H., & Hussainey, K. (2021). Corporate Cash Holdings And National Culture : Evidence From The Middle East And North Africa Region.
Fadillah, S., & Luthan, E. (2023). Praktek Income Smoothing Ditinjau Dari Cash Holding, Bonus Plan, Kepemilikan Institusional Dan Profitabilitas. Jurnal Akademi Akuntansi, 6(3), 400–418. Https://Doi.Org/10.22219/Jaa.V6i3.28155
Habib, A., Bhatti, M. I., & Khan, M. A. (2021). Cash Holding And Firm Value In The Presence Of Managerial Optimism.
Haj-Salem, I. (2021). Risk Disclosure And Corporate Cash Holdings.
Harianto, S., Amin, H. Al, & Indah, Y. (2020). Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan , Dan Leverange Terhadap Praktik Income Smoothing Pada Bank Syariah. 4(2), 80–88.
Hendrastuti, R., & Harahap, R. F. (2023). Agency Theory: Review Of The Theory And Current Research. Jurnal Akuntansi Aktual, 10(1), 85. Https://Doi.Org/10.17977/Um004v10i12023p085
Hilbe, J. M. (2019). Testing And Fitting A Logistic Model. In Practical Guide To Logistic Regression. Https://Doi.Org/10.1201/B18678-7
Inayah, M., & Izzaty, K. N. (2021). The Influence Of Cash Holding, Profitability, And Institutional Ownership On Income Smoothing. International Journal Of Accounting, Taxation, And Business, 2(1), 51–67. Https://Journal.Unsika.Ac.Id/Index.Php/Ijatb
Iskandar, R., Ramadhan, M. S., Mulyati, M., & Adhim, C. (2022). Income Smoothing Practices At Sharia Banks: An Overview In Islamic Business Ethics. Journal Of Business And Management Review, 3(3), 191–207. Https://Doi.Org/10.47153/Jbmr33.3112022
Khairun Nisa, Atika, N. A. B. R. (2024). Pengaruh Profitabilitas Dan Solvabilitas Terhadap Income Smoothing Dengan Good Corporate Governance Sebagai Variabel Moderasi Pada Bank Umum Syariah Periode 2019-2021. 114–121.
Lauren, A., & Nugroho, V. (2024). Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan, Nilai Perusahaan, Financial …. Jurnal Multiparadigma Akuntansi, Vi(2), 517–526. Https://Doi.Org/10.24912/Jpa.V6i2.29589
Lenaini, I. (2021). Teknik Pengambilan Sampel Purposive Dan Snowball Sampling. Historis: Jurnal Kajian, Penelitian & Pengembangan Pendidikan Sejarah, 6(1), 33–39. Http://Journal.Ummat.Ac.Id/Index.Php/Historis
Lestari, N., & Khomsatun, S. (2023). Unveiling The Impact Of Risk On Income Smoothing Of Indonesian Islamic Commercial Banks. 5(2), 195–206.
Lim, C. Y., & Yong, K. O. (2020). Regulatory Pressure And Income Smoothing By Banks In Response To Anticipated Changes To The Basel II Accord. China Journal Of Accounting Research, 10(1), 9–32. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Cjar.2016.08.003
Linda Santioso, C. (2020). Pengaruh Financial Leverage, Profitability, Dan Cash Holding Terhadap Income Smoothing. Jurnal Paradigma Akuntansi, 2(3), 1353. Https://Doi.Org/10.24912/Jpa.V2i3.9563
Lufianda, P., & Syafri. (2023). Pengaruh Car , Npf , Fdr Dan Bopo Terhadap Profitabilitas Yang Terdaftar Di Ojk 2018-2022 ). 3(2), 3243–3254.
M Aji, Fuad Hasyim, & Nida Kusuma Hameida. (2023). Panel Modelling To Analyze Financial Performance : Evidence On Islamic Commercial Bank In Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmu Perbankan Dan Keuangan Syariah, 5(2), 130–144. Https://Doi.Org/10.24239/Jipsya .V5i2.215.130-144
Mangngalla, M., & Kartini. (2022). Accounting Profession Journal (Apaji), Vol. 4 No 1, Bulan Januari 2022. 4(1), 49–60.
Mardian, S. (2022). Tingkat Kepatuhan Syariah Di Lembaga. 57–68.
Mariska, U., Suhendar, S., & Nurmalia, G. (2025). The Effect Of Profitability, Liquidity, Firm Size, Net Working Capital, Leverage, And Growth Opportunity On Cash Holding. Golden Ratio Of Finance Management, 5(2), 279–296. Https://Doi.Org/10.52970/Grfm.V5i2.1125
Marlina, L., & Samosir, D. K. B. M. (2022). Pengaruh Cash Holding , Profitabilitas Dan Kebijakan Dividen Terhadap Income Smoothing ( Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Sub Sektor Makanan Dan Minuman Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia ( Bei ) Tahun 2017-2021 ). Global Accounting: Jurnal Akuntansi, 1(3), 1–10. Https://Jurnal.Ubd.Ac.Id/Index.Php/Ga/Article/View/1709/1051
Milasari, A., Sidoarjo, U. M., Maryanti, E., & Sidoarjo, U. M. (2024). Profitability, Financial Leverage, and Cash Holding. 10(2), 17–39.
Musyafa, K. A., & Kholilah, K. (2023). Cash Holding, Financial Leverage, Profitability, Firm Size, Income Smoothing: Moderating Managerial Ownership. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 33(4), 1085. Https://Doi.Org/10.24843/Eja.2023.V33.I04.P15
Mutinda, M. M. (2024). African Journal Of Commercial Factors Influencing Income Smoothing Practice Among Manufacturing Firms In Kenya. 4(3), 186–193. Https://Doi.Org/10.59413/Ajocs/V4.I3.2
Nasrifah, M. (2022). Pengaruh Net Profit Margin , Return On Asset & Leverage Terhadap Income Smoothing Serta Dampaknya Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan.
Octafilia, Y., Tinggi, S., & Ekonomi, I. (2020). Analysis Of Factors Influencing Income Smoothing Of Banking Balance : Journal Ilmiah Akuntansi. June.
Owoeye, A. B. (2024). The Impact Of International Financial Reporting Standards On Corporate Governance, Board Size, And Income Smoothing In The Nigerian Financial Market. 07(03), 884–895. Https://Doi.Org/10.47191/Ijmra/V7-I03-05
Pratami, N. D., Tubastuvi, N., & Innayah, M. N. (2024). The Moderating Role Of Good Corporate Governance On The Influence Of Company Size, Share Value, Profitability, And Financial Leverage On Income Smoothing ( Study Of Primary Consumer Goods Companies Listed On The Bei In 2020-2022 ). 3(1), 53–68.
Rafiana, R. A. (2021). … Terhadap Agresivitas Pajak Perusahaan (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Sub Sektor Makanan Dan Minuman Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode Tahun …. 1(1), 1–19. Https://Repository-Feb.Unpak.Ac.Id/Home/Handle/123456789/3973%0ahttps://Repository-Feb.Unpak.Ac.Id/Home/Bitstream/Handle/123456789/3973/2021 Ratu Alfiyya Rafiana 022117163.Pdf?Sequence=1&Isallowed=Y
Rahmaniar, & Fitrian Rizky. (2022). Pengaruh Profitabilitas Dan Cash Holding Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan. Hei Ema : Jurnal Riset Hukum, Ekonomi Islam, Ekonomi, Manajemen Dan Akuntansi, 1(2), 22–31. Https://Doi.Org/10.61393/Heiema.V1i2.69
Renzi, A., Taragoni, P., & Vagnani, G. (2024). Corporate Net Income Smoothing: A Variance Decomposition Approach. Finance Research Letters, 69(Pa), 106041. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Frl.2024.106041
Safira, R. V., & Mahardini, N. Y. (2022). Praktik Income Smoothing : Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Di Indonesia. 1(April), 45–59.
Sarah, B., Febriani, F., & Fikri, M. A. (2023). Analysis Of Income Smoothing Practices In. 4(3), 1–19.
Septyorini, D. D. W., & Sofie, S. (2022). Pengaruh Cash Holding, Income Tax Dan Kualitas Audit Terhadap Praktik Perataan Laba Pada Perusahaan Infrastruktur Yang Terdaftar Di Bei Tahun 2019-2021. Jurnal Ekonomi Trisakti, 2(2), 1641–1652. Https://Doi.Org/10.25105/Jet.V2i2.14997
Shofiani, P. (N.D.). Analisis Income Smoothing Pada Perbankan Islam Negara-Negara Teluk Di Timur Tengah Prima Shofiani. 6(1).
Skała, D. (2021). Loan Loss Provisions And Income Smoothing – Do Shareholders Matter? International Review Of Financial Analysis, 78. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Irfa.2021.101909
Sugiyono. (2020). Metodologi Penelitian Kuantitatif, Kualitatif Dan R & D.
Winanda, I. K., & Putra Astika, I. B. (2021). Nilai, Size, Profitabilitas Perusahaan Dan Praktik Perataan Laba. E-Jurnal Akuntansi, 31(3), 562. Https://Doi.Org/10.24843/Eja.2021.V31.I03.P04